Skip to main content
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition logoLink to Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
. 2004 Mar;89(2):F101–F107. doi: 10.1136/adc.2002.019760

Neonatal transfusion practice

N Murray, I Roberts
PMCID: PMC1756024  PMID: 14977890

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (211.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahmad Asma, Laborada Gary, Bussel James, Nesin Mirjana. Comparison of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and placebo for treatment of septic preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Nov;21(11):1061–1065. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200211000-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alagappan A., Shattuck K. E., Malloy M. H. Impact of transfusion guidelines on neonatal transfusions. J Perinatol. 1998 Mar-Apr;18(2):92–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alderson P., Bunn F., Lefebvre C., Li Wan Po A., Li L., Roberts I., Schierhout G. Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001208–CD001208. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Amato M., Fauchere J. C., Hermann U., Jr Coagulation abnormalities in low birth weight infants with peri-intraventricular hemorrhage. Neuropediatrics. 1988 Aug;19(3):154–157. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1052420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Andreu Georges, Morel Pascal, Forestier François, Debeir Joëlle, Rebibo Danielle, Janvier Gérard, Hervé Patrick. Hemovigilance network in France: organization and analysis of immediate transfusion incident reports from 1994 to 1998. Transfusion. 2002 Oct;42(10):1356–1364. doi: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00202.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Andrew M., Castle V., Saigal S., Carter C., Kelton J. G. Clinical impact of neonatal thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr. 1987 Mar;110(3):457–464. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80517-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Andrew M., Paes B., Milner R., Johnston M., Mitchell L., Tollefsen D. M., Castle V., Powers P. Development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant. Blood. 1988 Nov;72(5):1651–1657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Andrew M., Paes B., Milner R., Johnston M., Mitchell L., Tollefsen D. M., Powers P. Development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant. Blood. 1987 Jul;70(1):165–172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Andrew M., Vegh P., Caco C., Kirpalani H., Jefferies A., Ohlsson A., Watts J., Saigal S., Milner R., Wang E. A randomized, controlled trial of platelet transfusions in thrombocytopenic premature infants. J Pediatr. 1993 Aug;123(2):285–291. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81705-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Banerjea M. C., Speer C. P. The current role of colony-stimulating factors in prevention and treatment of neonatal sepsis. Semin Neonatol. 2002 Aug;7(4):335–349. doi: 10.1016/s1084-2756(02)90116-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bechensteen A. G., Hågå P., Halvorsen S., Liestøl K., Lindemann R., Whitelaw A., Tølløfsrud P. A., Daae L., Thorstensen K., Sundal E. Effect of low and moderate doses of recombinant human erythropoietin on the haematological response in premature infants on a high protein and iron intake. Eur J Pediatr. 1997 Jan;156(1):56–61. doi: 10.1007/s004310050553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bechensteen A. G., Hågå P., Halvorsen S., Whitelaw A., Liestøl K., Lindemann R., Grøgaard J., Hellebostad M., Saugstad O. D., Grønn M. Erythropoietin, protein, and iron supplementation and the prevention of anaemia of prematurity. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Jul;69(1 Spec No):19–23. doi: 10.1136/adc.69.1_spec_no.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bedford Russell A. R., Emmerson A. J., Wilkinson N., Chant T., Sweet D. G., Halliday H. L., Holland B., Davies E. G. A trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor for the treatment of very low birthweight infants with presumed sepsis and neutropenia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001 May;84(3):F172–F176. doi: 10.1136/fn.84.3.F172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bednarek F. J., Weisberger S., Richardson D. K., Frantz I. D., 3rd, Shah B., Rubin L. P. Variations in blood transfusions among newborn intensive care units. SNAP II Study Group. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):601–607. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70097-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Beeram M. R., Krauss D. R., Riggs M. W. Red blood cell transfusion practices in very low birth weight infants in 1990s postsurfactant era. J Natl Med Assoc. 2001 Oct;93(10):405–409. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bernstein H. M., Pollock B. H., Calhoun D. A., Christensen R. D. Administration of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to neonates with septicemia: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2001 Jun;138(6):917–920. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.114014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bernstein Hilton M., Calhoun Darlene A., Christensen Robert D. Use of myeloid colony-stimulating factors in neonates with septicemia. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2002 Feb;14(1):91–94. doi: 10.1097/00008480-200202000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Brooks S. E., Marcus D. M., Gillis D., Pirie E., Johnson M. H., Bhatia J. The effect of blood transfusion protocol on retinopathy of prematurity: A prospective, randomized study. Pediatrics. 1999 Sep;104(3 Pt 1):514–518. doi: 10.1542/peds.104.3.514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Busch Michael P., Kleinman Steven H., Nemo George J. Current and emerging infectious risks of blood transfusions. JAMA. 2003 Feb 26;289(8):959–962. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.8.959. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cairo M. S., Agosti J., Ellis R., Laver J. J., Puppala B., deLemos R., Givner L., Nesin M., Wheeler J. G., Seth T. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reduce nosocomial infections in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr. 1999 Jan;134(1):64–70. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70373-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Calhoun D. A., Christensen R. D., Edstrom C. S., Juul S. E., Ohls R. K., Schibler K. R., Sola M. C., Sullivan S. E. Consistent approaches to procedures and practices in neonatal hematology. Clin Perinatol. 2000 Sep;27(3):733–753. doi: 10.1016/s0095-5108(05)70048-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Carr R., Modi N., Doré C. J., El-Rifai R., Lindo D. A randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human newborns less than 32 weeks gestation. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr;103(4 Pt 1):796–802. doi: 10.1542/peds.103.4.796. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Carr R., Modi N. Haemopoietic colony stimulating factors for preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997 Mar;76(2):F128–F133. doi: 10.1136/fn.76.2.f128. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Casadevall Nicole, Nataf Joelle, Viron Beatrice, Kolta Amir, Kiladjian Jean-Jacques, Martin-Dupont Philippe, Michaud Patrick, Papo Thomas, Ugo Valerie, Teyssandier Irene. Pure red-cell aplasia and antierythropoietin antibodies in patients treated with recombinant erythropoietin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346(7):469–475. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Castle V., Andrew M., Kelton J., Giron D., Johnston M., Carter C. Frequency and mechanism of neonatal thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr. 1986 May;108(5 Pt 1):749–755. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(86)81059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Contreras M., Ala F. A., Greaves M., Jones J., Levin M., Machin S. J., Morgan C., Murphy W., Napier J. A., Thomson A. R. Guidelines for the use of fresh frozen plasma. British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Working Party of the Blood Transfusion Task Force. Transfus Med. 1992 Mar;2(1):57–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.1992.tb00135.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Corwin H. L., Parsonnet K. C., Gettinger A. RBC transfusion in the ICU. Is there a reason? Chest. 1995 Sep;108(3):767–771. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.3.767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Del Vecchio A., Sola M. C., Theriaque D. W., Hutson A. D., Kao K. J., Wright D., Garcia M. G., Pollock B. H., Christensen R. D. Platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit:factors predicting which patients will require multiple transfusions. Transfusion. 2001 Jun;41(6):803–808. doi: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41060803.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Drew J. H., Guaran R. L., Cichello M., Hobbs J. B. Neonatal whole blood hyperviscosity: the important factor influencing later neurologic function is the viscosity and not the polycythemia. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 1997 Jan-Feb;17(1):67–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Emery E. F., Greenough A., Gamsu H. R. Randomised controlled trial of colloid infusions in hypotensive preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 1992 Oct;67(10 Spec No):1185–1188. doi: 10.1136/adc.67.10_spec_no.1185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Franz A. R., Pohlandt F. Red blood cell transfusions in very and extremely low birthweight infants under restrictive transfusion guidelines: is exogenous erythropoietin necessary? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001 Mar;84(2):F96–F100. doi: 10.1136/fn.84.2.F96. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Frey B., Losa M. The value of capillary whole blood lactate for blood transfusion requirements in anaemia of prematurity. Intensive Care Med. 2001 Jan;27(1):222–227. doi: 10.1007/s001340000712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Funato M., Tamai H., Shimada S. Trends in neonatal exchange transfusions at Yodogawa Christian Hospital. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997 Jun;39(3):305–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1997.tb03741.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Garcia M. G., Duenas E., Sola M. C., Hutson A. D., Theriaque D., Christensen R. D. Epidemiologic and outcome studies of patients who received platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2001 Oct-Nov;21(7):415–420. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Gottstein R., Cooke R. W. I. Systematic review of intravenous immunoglobulin in haemolytic disease of the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 Jan;88(1):F6–10. doi: 10.1136/fn.88.1.F6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Greenough A., Emery E., Hird M. F., Gamsu H. R. Randomised controlled trial of albumin infusion in ill preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Feb;152(2):157–159. doi: 10.1007/BF02072495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hume H. Red blood cell transfusions for preterm infants: the role of evidence-based medicine. Semin Perinatol. 1997 Feb;21(1):8–19. doi: 10.1016/s0146-0005(97)80015-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Izraeli S., Ben-Sira L., Harell D., Naor N., Ballin A., Davidson S. Lactic acid as a predictor for erythrocyte transfusion in healthy preterm infants with anemia of prematurity. J Pediatr. 1993 Apr;122(4):629–631. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83551-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kahn Doron J., Richardson Douglas K., Billett Henny H. Association of thrombocytopenia and delivery method with intraventricular hemorrhage among very-low-birth-weight infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jan;186(1):109–116. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.118268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Krediet T. G., Beurskens F. J., van Dijk H., Gerards L. J., Fleer A. Antibody responses and opsonic activity in sera of preterm neonates with coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicemia and the effect of the administration of fresh frozen plasma. Pediatr Res. 1998 May;43(5):645–651. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199805000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kuter David J., Begley C. Glenn. Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies. Blood. 2002 Nov 15;100(10):3457–3469. doi: 10.1182/blood.V100.10.3457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Levy G. J., Strauss R. G., Hume H., Schloz L., Albanese M. A., Blazina J., Werner A., Sotelo-Avila C., Barrasso C., Blanchette V. National survey of neonatal transfusion practices: I. Red blood cell therapy. Pediatrics. 1993 Mar;91(3):523–529. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Luban Naomi L. C. Neonatal red blood cell transfusions. Curr Opin Hematol. 2002 Nov;9(6):533–536. doi: 10.1097/00062752-200211000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Maier R. F., Metze B., Obladen M. Low degree of regionalization and high transfusion rates in very low birthweight infants: a survey in Germany. J Perinat Med. 1998;26(1):43–48. doi: 10.1515/jpme.1998.26.1.43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Maier R. F., Obladen M., Scigalla P., Linderkamp O., Duc G., Hieronimi G., Halliday H. L., Versmold H. T., Moriette G., Jorch G. The effect of epoetin beta (recombinant human erythropoietin) on the need for transfusion in very-low-birth-weight infants. European Multicentre Erythropoietin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Apr 28;330(17):1173–1178. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199404283301701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Maier R. F., Sonntag J., Walka M. M., Liu G., Metze B. C., Obladen M. Changing practices of red blood cell transfusions in infants with birth weights less than 1000 g. J Pediatr. 2000 Feb;136(2):220–224. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(00)70105-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Maier Rolf F., Obladen Michael, Müller-Hansen Ingo, Kattner Evelyn, Merz Ulrich, Arlettaz Romaine, Groneck Peter, Hammer Hannes, Kössel Hans, Verellen Gaston. Early treatment with erythropoietin beta ameliorates anemia and reduces transfusion requirements in infants with birth weights below 1000 g. J Pediatr. 2002 Jul;141(1):8–15. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2002.124309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mehta P., Vasa R., Neumann L., Karpatkin M. Thrombocytopenia in the high-risk infant. J Pediatr. 1980 Nov;97(5):791–794. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80272-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Merchant R. H., Phadke S. D., Sakhalkar V. S., Agashe V. S., Puniyani R. R. Hematocrit and whole blood viscosity in newborns: analysis of 100 cases. Indian Pediatr. 1992 May;29(5):555–561. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Miura E., Procianoy R. S., Bittar C., Miura C. S., Miura M. S., Mello C., Christensen R. D. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration to preterm infants with the clinical diagnosis of early-onset sepsis. Pediatrics. 2001 Jan;107(1):30–35. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.1.30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Muntean Wolfgang. Fresh frozen plasma in the pediatric age group and in congenital coagulation factor deficiency. Thromb Res. 2002 Oct 31;107 (Suppl 1):S29–S32. doi: 10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00149-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Murray N. A., Howarth L. J., McCloy M. P., Letsky E. A., Roberts I. A. G. Platelet transfusion in the management of severe thrombocytopenia in neonatal intensive care unit patients. Transfus Med. 2002 Feb;12(1):35–41. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2002.00343.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Murray N. A., Roberts I. A. Circulating megakaryocytes and their progenitors in early thrombocytopenia in preterm neonates. Pediatr Res. 1996 Jul;40(1):112–119. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199607000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Möller J. C., Schwarz U., Schaible T. F., Artlich A., Tegtmeyer F. K., Gortner L. Do cardiac output and serum lactate levels indicate blood transfusion requirements in anemia of prematurity? Intensive Care Med. 1996 May;22(5):472–476. doi: 10.1007/BF01712170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ohls Robin K. Human recombinant erythropoietin in the prevention and treatment of anemia of prematurity. Paediatr Drugs. 2002;4(2):111–121. doi: 10.2165/00128072-200204020-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ohlsson A., Lacy J. B. Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low-birth-weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000361–CD000361. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Ohlsson A., Lacy J. B. Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or subsequently proven infection in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD001239–CD001239. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Parravicini Elvira, van de Ven Carmella, Anderson Lauren, Cairo Mitchell S. Myeloid hematopoietic growth factors and their role in prevention and/or treatment of neonatal sepsis. Transfus Med Rev. 2002 Jan;16(1):11–24. doi: 10.1053/tmrv.2002.29348. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Paul David A., Leef Kathleen H., Locke Robert G., Stefano John L. Transfusion volume in infants with very low birth weight: a randomized trial of 10 versus 20 ml/kg. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002 Jan;24(1):43–46. doi: 10.1097/00043426-200201000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Quirolo Keith C. Transfusion medicine for the pediatrician. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;49(6):1211–1238. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(02)00090-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rao R., Georgieff M. K. Neonatal iron nutrition. Semin Neonatol. 2001 Oct;6(5):425–435. doi: 10.1053/siny.2001.0063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Ratrisawadi V., Plubrukarn R., Trakulchang K., Puapondh Y. Developmental outcome of infants with neonatal polycythemia. J Med Assoc Thai. 1994 Feb;77(2):76–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Reynolds C. H. Clinical efficacy of rhIL-11. Oncology (Williston Park) 2000 Sep;14(9 Suppl 8):32–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Ringer S. A., Richardson D. K., Sacher R. A., Keszler M., Churchill W. H. Variations in transfusion practice in neonatal intensive care. Pediatrics. 1998 Feb;101(2):194–200. doi: 10.1542/peds.101.2.194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Rothenberg Tammy. Partial plasma exchange transfusion in polycythaemic neonates. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Jan;86(1):60–62. doi: 10.1136/adc.86.1.60. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. So K. W., Fok T. F., Ng P. C., Wong W. W., Cheung K. L. Randomised controlled trial of colloid or crystalloid in hypotensive preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997 Jan;76(1):F43–F46. doi: 10.1136/fn.76.1.f43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Sola M. C., Christensen R. D., Hutson A. D., Tarantal A. F. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of administering pegylated recombinant megakaryocyte growth and development factor to newborn rhesus monkeys. Pediatr Res. 2000 Feb;47(2):208–214. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200002000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Strauss R. G., Levy G. J., Sotelo-Avila C., Albanese M. A., Hume H., Schloz L., Blazina J., Werner A., Barrasso C., Blanchette V. National survey of neonatal transfusion practices: II. Blood component therapy. Pediatrics. 1993 Mar;91(3):530–536. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Strauss R. G. Managing the anemia of prematurity: red blood cell transfusions versus recombinant erythropoietin. Transfus Med Rev. 2001 Jul;15(3):213–223. doi: 10.1053/tmrv.2001.24592. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Supapannachart S., Siripoonya P., Boonwattanasoontorn W., Kanjanavanit S. Neonatal polycythemia: effects of partial exchange transfusion using fresh frozen plasma, Haemaccel and normal saline. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 Nov;82 (Suppl 1):S82–S86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Supapannachart S., Siripoonya P., Boonwattanasoontorn W., Kanjanavanit S. Neonatal polycythemia: effects of partial exchange transfusion using fresh frozen plasma, Haemaccel and normal saline. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 Nov;82 (Suppl 1):S82–S86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Upadhyay Amit, Aggarwal Rajiv, Deorari Ashok K., Paul Vinod K. Polycythemia in the newborn. Indian J Pediatr. 2002 Jan;69(1):79–82. doi: 10.1007/BF02723782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Van de Bor M., Briet E., Van Bel F., Ruys J. H. Hemostasis and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn. Am J Dis Child. 1986 Nov;140(11):1131–1134. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140250057036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Wardle S. P., Garr R., Yoxall C. W., Weindling A. M. A pilot randomised controlled trial of peripheral fractional oxygen extraction to guide blood transfusions in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002 Jan;86(1):F22–F27. doi: 10.1136/fn.86.1.F22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Wardle S. P., Weindling A. M. Peripheral fractional oxygen extraction and other measures of tissue oxygenation to guide blood transfusions in preterm infants. Semin Perinatol. 2001 Apr;25(2):60–64. doi: 10.1053/sper.2001.23200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Widness J. A., Seward V. J., Kromer I. J., Burmeister L. F., Bell E. F., Strauss R. G. Changing patterns of red blood cell transfusion in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 1996 Nov;129(5):680–687. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70150-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Wong W., Fok T. F., Lee C. H., Ng P. C., So K. W., Ou Y., Cheung K. L. Randomised controlled trial: comparison of colloid or crystalloid for partial exchange transfusion for treatment of neonatal polycythaemia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997 Sep;77(2):F115–F118. doi: 10.1136/fn.77.2.f115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Zipursky A. Erythropoietin therapy for premature infants: cost without benefit? Pediatr Res. 2000 Aug;48(2):136–136. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200008000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES