Abstract
Objectives: To assess the effects of neighbourhood level socioeconomic status (SES) and convenience store concentration on individual level smoking, after consideration of individual level characteristics.
Design: Individual sociodemographic characteristics and smoking were obtained from five cross sectional surveys (1979–1990). Participants' addresses were geocoded and linked with census data for measuring neighbourhood SES and with telephone yellow page listings for measuring convenience store concentration (density in a neighbourhood, distance between a participant's home and the nearest convenience store, and number of convenience stores within a one mile radius of a participant's home). The data were analysed with multilevel Poisson regression models.
Setting: 82 neighbourhoods in four northern California cities.
Participants: 8121 women and men aged 25–74 from the Stanford heart disease prevention programme.
Main results: Lower neighbourhood SES and higher convenience store concentration, measured by density and distance, were both significantly associated with higher level of individual smoking after taking individual characteristics into account. The association between convenience store density and individual smoking was modified by individual SES and neighbourhood SES.
Conclusions: These findings are consistent with a growing body of literature suggesting that the socioeconomic and physical environments of neighbourhoods are associated with individual level smoking.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (78.9 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Cubbin C., Hadden W. C., Winkleby M. A. Neighborhood context and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the contribution of material deprivation. Ethn Dis. 2001 Fall;11(4):687–700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Diez Roux A. V., Merkin S. Stein, Hannan P., Jacobs D. R., Kiefe C. I. Area characteristics, individual-level socioeconomic indicators, and smoking in young adults: the coronary artery disease risk development in young adults study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb 15;157(4):315–326. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duncan C., Jones K., Moon G. Smoking and deprivation: are there neighbourhood effects? Soc Sci Med. 1999 Feb;48(4):497–505. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00360-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Farquhar J. W., Fortmann S. P., Flora J. A., Taylor C. B., Haskell W. L., Williams P. T., Maccoby N., Wood P. D. Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project. JAMA. 1990 Jul 18;264(3):359–365. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feighery E. C., Ribisl K. M., Schleicher N., Lee R. E., Halvorson S. Cigarette advertising and promotional strategies in retail outlets: results of a statewide survey in California. Tob Control. 2001 Jun;10(2):184–188. doi: 10.1136/tc.10.2.184. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hyland Andrew, Travers Mark J., Cummings K. Michael, Bauer Joseph, Alford Terry, Wieczorek William F. Tobacco outlet density and demographics in Erie County, New York. Am J Public Health. 2003 Jul;93(7):1075–1076. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.7.1075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kleinschmidt I., Hills M., Elliott P. Smoking behaviour can be predicted by neighbourhood deprivation measures. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995 Dec;49 (Suppl 2):S72–S77. doi: 10.1136/jech.49.suppl_2.s72. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leventhal T., Brooks-Gunn J. The neighborhoods they live in: the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychol Bull. 2000 Mar;126(2):309–337. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macintyre Sally, Ellaway Anne, Cummins Steven. Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med. 2002 Jul;55(1):125–139. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00214-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muramatsu Naoko. County-level income inequality and depression among older Americans. Health Serv Res. 2003 Dec;38(6 Pt 2):1863–1883. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00206.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pickett K. E., Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001 Feb;55(2):111–122. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.2.111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reijneveld S. A. Neighbourhood socioeconomic context and self reported health and smoking: a secondary analysis of data on seven cities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002 Dec;56(12):935–942. doi: 10.1136/jech.56.12.935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reijneveld S. A. The impact of individual and area characteristics on urban socioeconomic differences in health and smoking. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Feb;27(1):33–40. doi: 10.1093/ije/27.1.33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ross C. E. Walking, exercising, and smoking: does neighborhood matter? Soc Sci Med. 2000 Jul;51(2):265–274. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00451-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sundquist J., Malmström M., Johansson S. E. Cardiovascular risk factors and the neighbourhood environment: a multilevel analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 1999 Oct;28(5):841–845. doi: 10.1093/ije/28.5.841. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tseng M., Yeatts K., Millikan R., Newman B. Area-level characteristics and smoking in women. Am J Public Health. 2001 Nov;91(11):1847–1850. doi: 10.2105/ajph.91.11.1847. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wakefield Melanie A., Terry-McElrath Yvonne M., Chaloupka Frank J., Barker Dianne C., Slater Sandy J., Clark Pamela I., Giovino Gary A. Tobacco industry marketing at point of purchase after the 1998 MSA billboard advertising ban. Am J Public Health. 2002 Jun;92(6):937–940. doi: 10.2105/ajph.92.6.937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]