Abstract
Objective: To investigate the time relation between dementia and major affective disorders (major depression and mania).
Methods: Register linkage study of the Danish Hospital Register and the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register, to establish study cohorts of patients with dementia and control groups (osteoarthritis or diabetes) on first discharge from hospital. Follow up of cohorts was for up to 21 years. Hazard of death was allowed for by the use of competing risks models.
Results: Patients with dementia had an increased risk of being admitted to hospital for major depression or mania during the course of the illness. The incidence remained elevated throughout the rest of the patient's life.
Conclusions: Patients with dementia have an increased risk of developing depression or mania. Proper treatment of affective disorders in patients with dementia is important in reducing suffering and costs.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (96.7 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anderson R. J., Freedland K. E., Clouse R. E., Lustman P. J. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jun;24(6):1069–1078. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ballard C. G., Patel A., Solis M., Lowe K., Wilcock G. A one-year follow-up study of depression in dementia sufferers. Br J Psychiatry. 1996 Mar;168(3):287–291. doi: 10.1192/bjp.168.3.287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen P., Ganguli M., Mulsant B. H., DeKosky S. T. The temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and dementia: a community-based prospective study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;56(3):261–266. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.3.261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Creamer P., Lethbridge-Cejku M., Costa P., Tobin J. D., Herbst J. H., Hochberg M. C. The relationship of anxiety and depression with self-reported knee pain in the community: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res. 1999 Feb;12(1):3–7. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199902)12:1<3::aid-art2>3.0.co;2-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Janzing J. G., Bouwens J. M., Teunisse R. J., Van't Hof M. A., Zitman F. G. The relationship between depression and mortality in elderly subjects with less severe dementia. Psychol Med. 1999 Jul;29(4):979–983. doi: 10.1017/s003329179900865x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jürgensen H. J., Frølund C., Gustafsen J., Mosbech H., Guldhammer B., Mosbech J. Registration of diagnoses in the Danish National Registry of Patients. Methods Inf Med. 1986 Jul;25(3):158–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KILOH L. G. Pseudo-dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1961;37:336–351. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1961.tb07367.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kessing L. V., Olsen E. W., Mortensen P. B., Andersen P. K. Dementia in affective disorder: a case-register study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999 Sep;100(3):176–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10843.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kristensen J. K., Sandbaek A., Lassen J. F., Bro F., Lauritzen T. Use and validation of public data files for identification of the diabetic population in a Danish county. Dan Med Bull. 2001 Feb;48(1):33–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy M. L., Cummings J. L., Fairbanks L. A., Bravi D., Calvani M., Carta A. Longitudinal assessment of symptoms of depression, agitation, and psychosis in 181 patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;153(11):1438–1443. doi: 10.1176/ajp.153.11.1438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lobo A., Launer L. J., Fratiglioni L., Andersen K., Di Carlo A., Breteler M. M., Copeland J. R., Dartigues J. F., Jagger C., Martinez-Lage J. Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 5):S4–S9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lukovits T. G., Mazzone T. M., Gorelick T. M. Diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular disease. Neuroepidemiology. 1999;18(1):1–14. doi: 10.1159/000026190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lyketsos C. G., Corazzini K., Steele C. Mania in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995 Summer;7(3):350–352. doi: 10.1176/jnp.7.3.350. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morris J. C. Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Geriatr Med. 1994 May;10(2):257–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mosbech J., Jørgensen J., Madsen M., Rostgaard K., Thornberg K., Poulsen T. D. Landspatientregisteret. Evaluering af datakvaliteten. Ugeskr Laeger. 1995 Jun 26;157(26):3741–3745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ott A., Stolk R. P., van Harskamp F., Pols H. A., Hofman A., Breteler M. M. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):1937–1942. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.9.1937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reding M., Haycox J., Blass J. Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic. A three-year prospective study. Arch Neurol. 1985 Sep;42(9):894–896. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1985.04060080080019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schultz S. K. Dementia in the twenty-first century. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):666–668. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.666. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sheline Y. I. 3D MRI studies of neuroanatomic changes in unipolar major depression: the role of stress and medical comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):791–800. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00994-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stewart Robert. Vascular dementia: a diagnosis running out of time. Br J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;180:152–156. doi: 10.1192/bjp.180.2.152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strakowski S. M., DelBello M. P., Adler C., Cecil D. M., Sax K. W. Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000 Sep;2(3 Pt 1):148–164. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.020302.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wetherell J. L., Gatz M., Johansson B., Pedersen N. L. History of depression and other psychiatric illness as risk factors for Alzheimer disease in a twin sample. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999 Jan;13(1):47–52. doi: 10.1097/00002093-199903000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]