Abstract
Background: Daily variations in ambient particulate air pollution have been associated with respiratory mortality and morbidity.
Aims: To assess the associations between urinary concentration of lung Clara cell protein CC16, a marker for lung damage, and daily variation in fine and ultrafine particulate air pollution.
Methods: Spot urinary samples (n = 1249) were collected biweekly for six months in subjects with coronary heart disease in Amsterdam, Netherlands (n = 37), Erfurt, Germany (n = 47), and Helsinki, Finland (n = 47). Ambient particulate air pollution was monitored at a central site in each city.
Results: The mean 24 hour number concentration of ultrafine particles was 17.3x103 cm–3 in Amsterdam, 21.1x103 cm–3 in Erfurt, and 17.0x103 cm–3 in Helsinki. The mean 24 hour PM2.5 concentrations were 20, 23, and 13 µg/m3, respectively. Daily variation in ultrafine particle levels was not associated with CC16. In contrast, CC16 concentration seemed to increase with increasing levels of PM2.5 in Helsinki, especially among subjects with lung disorders. No clear associations were observed in Amsterdam and Erfurt. In Helsinki, the CC16 concentration increased by 20.2% (95% CI 6.9 to 33.5) per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration (lag 2). The respective pooled effect estimate was 2.1% (95% CI –1.3 to 5.6).
Conclusion: The results suggest that exposure to particulate air pollution may lead to increased epithelial barrier permeability in lungs.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (117.3 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Arsalane K., Broeckaert F., Knoops B., Clippe A., Buchet J. P., Bernard A. Increased serum and urinary concentrations of lung clara cell protein in rats acutely exposed to ozone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 15;159(3):169–174. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8738. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Arsalane K., Broeckaert F., Knoops B., Wiedig M., Toubeau G., Bernard A. Clara cell specific protein (CC16) expression after acute lung inflammation induced by intratracheal lipopolysaccharide administration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1624–1630. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9812157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berkey C. S., Laird N. M. Nonlinear growth curve analysis: estimating the population parameters. Ann Hum Biol. 1986 Mar-Apr;13(2):111–128. doi: 10.1080/03014468600008261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernard A., Hermans C., Van Houte G. Transient increase of serum Clara cell protein (CC16) after exposure to smoke. Occup Environ Med. 1997 Jan;54(1):63–65. doi: 10.1136/oem.54.1.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernard A., Marchandise F. X., Depelchin S., Lauwerys R., Sibille Y. Clara cell protein in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir J. 1992 Nov;5(10):1231–1238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broeckaert F., Arsalane K., Hermans C., Bergamaschi E., Brustolin A., Mutti A., Bernard A. Serum clara cell protein: a sensitive biomarker of increased lung epithelium permeability caused by ambient ozone. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Jun;108(6):533–537. doi: 10.1289/ehp.00108533. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broeckaert F., Bernard A. Clara cell secretory protein (CC16): characteristics and perspectives as lung peripheral biomarker. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Apr;30(4):469–475. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00760.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brunekreef Bert, Holgate Stephen T. Air pollution and health. Lancet. 2002 Oct 19;360(9341):1233–1242. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burgess J. L., Nanson C. J., Bolstad-Johnson D. M., Gerkin R., Hysong T. A., Lantz R. C., Sherrill D. L., Crutchfield C. D., Quan S. F., Bernard A. M. Adverse respiratory effects following overhaul in firefighters. J Occup Environ Med. 2001 May;43(5):467–473. doi: 10.1097/00043764-200105000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carbonnelle Sylviane, Francaux Marc, Doyle Ian, Dumont Xavier, de Burbure Claire, Morel Georges, Michel Olivier, Bernard Alfred. Changes in serum pneumoproteins caused by short-term exposures to nitrogen trichloride in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Biomarkers. 2002 Nov-Dec;7(6):464–478. doi: 10.1080/13547500210166612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cassee F. R., Boere A. J. F., Bos J., Fokkens P. H. B., Dormans J. A. M. A., van Loveren H. Effects of diesel exhaust enriched concentrated PM2.5 in ozone preexposed or monocrotaline-treated rats. Inhal Toxicol. 2002 Jul;14(7):721–743. doi: 10.1080/08958370290084601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hermans C., Bernard A. Lung epithelium-specific proteins: characteristics and potential applications as markers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Feb;159(2):646–678. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9806064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hermans C., Bernard A. Pneumoproteinaemia: a new perspective in the assessment of lung disorders. Eur Respir J. 1998 Apr;11(4):801–803. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.11040801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hermans C., Knoops B., Wiedig M., Arsalane K., Toubeau G., Falmagne P., Bernard A. Clara cell protein as a marker of Clara cell damage and bronchoalveolar blood barrier permeability. Eur Respir J. 1999 May;13(5):1014–1021. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13e14.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Janssen N. A., de Hartog J. J., Hoek G., Brunekreef B., Lanki T., Timonen K. L., Pekkanen J. Personal exposure to fine particulate matter in elderly subjects: relation between personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 Jul;50(7):1133–1143. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Künzli N., Kaiser R., Medina S., Studnicka M., Chanel O., Filliger P., Herry M., Horak F., Jr, Puybonnieux-Texier V., Quénel P. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet. 2000 Sep 2;356(9232):795–801. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02653-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Normand S. L. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting. Stat Med. 1999 Feb 15;18(3):321–359. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990215)18:3<321::aid-sim28>3.0.co;2-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pekkanen Juha, Peters Annette, Hoek Gerard, Tiittanen Pekka, Brunekreef Bert, de Hartog Jeroen, Heinrich Joachim, Ibald-Mulli Angela, Kreyling Wolfgang G., Lanki Timo. Particulate air pollution and risk of ST-segment depression during repeated submaximal exercise tests among subjects with coronary heart disease: the Exposure and Risk Assessment for Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air (ULTRA) study. Circulation. 2002 Aug 20;106(8):933–938. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000027561.41736.3c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robin M., Dong P., Hermans C., Bernard A., Bersten A. D., Doyle I. R. Serum levels of CC16, SP-A and SP-B reflect tobacco-smoke exposure in asymptomatic subjects. Eur Respir J. 2002 Nov;20(5):1152–1161. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.02042001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Hartog J. J., Hoek G., Peters A., Timonen K. L., Ibald-Mulli A., Brunekreef B., Heinrich J., Tiittanen P., van Wijnen J. H., Kreyling W. Effects of fine and ultrafine particles on cardiorespiratory symptoms in elderly subjects with coronary heart disease: the ULTRA study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Apr 1;157(7):613–623. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]