Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Postgraduate Medical Journal logoLink to Postgraduate Medical Journal
. 2001 Sep;77(911):562–569. doi: 10.1136/pmj.77.911.562

Clinical implications of the specialised B cell response to polysaccharide encapsulated pathogens

C Vinuesa 1, C de Lucas 1, M Cook 1
PMCID: PMC1757924  PMID: 11524513

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (693.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Amlot P. L., Hayes A. E. Impaired human antibody response to the thymus-independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll, after splenectomy. Implications for post-splenectomy infections. Lancet. 1985 May 4;1(8436):1008–1011. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91613-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson P. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and diphtheria toxin induced by conjugates of oligosaccharides of the type b capsule with the nontoxic protein CRM197. Infect Immun. 1983 Jan;39(1):233–238. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.1.233-238.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bachmann M. F., Kopf M. The role of B cells in acute and chronic infections. Curr Opin Immunol. 1999 Jun;11(3):332–339. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80053-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Biselli R., Casapollo I., D'Amelio R., Salvato S., Matricardi P. M., Brai M. Antibody response to meningococcal polysaccharides A and C in patients with complement defects. Scand J Immunol. 1993 Jun;37(6):644–650. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01677.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bishof N. A., Welch T. R., Beischel L. S. C4B deficiency: a risk factor for bacteremia with encapsulated organisms. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;162(1):248–250. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Boes M., Esau C., Fischer M. B., Schmidt T., Carroll M., Chen J. Enhanced B-1 cell development, but impaired IgG antibody responses in mice deficient in secreted IgM. J Immunol. 1998 May 15;160(10):4776–4787. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Briles D. E., Forman C., Hudak S., Claflin J. L. The effects of subclass on the ability of anti-phosphocholine antibodies to protect mice from fatal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Mol Cell Immunol. 1984;1(5):305–309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Butler J. C. Epidemiology of pneumococcal serotypes and conjugate vaccine formulations. Microb Drug Resist. 1997 Summer;3(2):125–129. doi: 10.1089/mdr.1997.3.125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Claassen E., Kors N., Dijkstra C. D., Van Rooijen N. Marginal zone of the spleen and the development and localization of specific antibody-forming cells against thymus-dependent and thymus-independent type-2 antigens. Immunology. 1986 Mar;57(3):399–403. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cunliffe N. A., Snowden N., Dunbar E. M., Haeney M. R. Recurrent meningococcal septicaemia and properdin deficiency. J Infect. 1995 Jul;31(1):67–68. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(95)91550-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Densen P., Weiler J. M., Griffiss J. M., Hoffmann L. G. Familial properdin deficiency and fatal meningococcemia. Correction of the bactericidal defect by vaccination. N Engl J Med. 1987 Apr 9;316(15):922–926. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198704093161506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dullforce P., Sutton D. C., Heath A. W. Enhancement of T cell-independent immune responses in vivo by CD40 antibodies. Nat Med. 1998 Jan;4(1):88–91. doi: 10.1038/nm0198-088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ekdahl K., Truedsson L., Sjöholm A. G., Braconier J. H. Complement analysis in adult patients with a history of bacteremic pneumococcal infections or recurrent pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27(2):111–117. doi: 10.3109/00365549509018989. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ellison R. T., 3rd, Kohler P. F., Curd J. G., Judson F. N., Reller L. B. Prevalence of congenital or acquired complement deficiency in patients with sporadic meningocococcal disease. N Engl J Med. 1983 Apr 21;308(16):913–916. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198304213081601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ferguson A. Hazards of hyposplenism. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Nov 13;285(6352):1375–1376. doi: 10.1136/bmj.285.6352.1375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fine M. J., Smith M. A., Carson C. A., Meffe F., Sankey S. S., Weissfeld L. A., Detsky A. S., Kapoor W. N. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Dec 12;154(23):2666–2677. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420230051007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Finne J., Leinonen M., Mäkelä P. H. Antigenic similarities between brain components and bacteria causing meningitis. Implications for vaccine development and pathogenesis. Lancet. 1983 Aug 13;2(8346):355–357. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90340-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. French N., Nakiyingi J., Carpenter L. M., Lugada E., Watera C., Moi K., Moore M., Antvelink D., Mulder D., Janoff E. N. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Jun 17;355(9221):2106–2111. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02377-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fruman D. A., Satterthwaite A. B., Witte O. N. Xid-like phenotypes: a B cell signalosome takes shape. Immunity. 2000 Jul;13(1):1–3. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00002-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. García de Vinuesa C., MacLennan I. C., Holman M., Klaus G. G. Anti-CD40 antibody enhances responses to polysaccharide without mimicking T cell help. Eur J Immunol. 1999 Oct;29(10):3216–3224. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199910)29:10<3216::AID-IMMU3216>3.0.CO;2-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. García de Vinuesa C., O'Leary P., Sze D. M., Toellner K. M., MacLennan I. C. T-independent type 2 antigens induce B cell proliferation in multiple splenic sites, but exponential growth is confined to extrafollicular foci. Eur J Immunol. 1999 Apr;29(4):1314–1323. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199904)29:04<1314::AID-IMMU1314>3.0.CO;2-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Guinamard R., Okigaki M., Schlessinger J., Ravetch J. V. Absence of marginal zone B cells in Pyk-2-deficient mice defines their role in the humoral response. Nat Immunol. 2000 Jul;1(1):31–36. doi: 10.1038/76882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hargreaves R. M., Slack M. P., Howard A. J., Anderson E., Ramsay M. E. Changing patterns of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in England and Wales after introduction of the Hib vaccination programme. BMJ. 1996 Jan 20;312(7024):160–161. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7024.160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hibberd M. L., Sumiya M., Summerfield J. A., Booy R., Levin M. Association of variants of the gene for mannose-binding lectin with susceptibility to meningococcal disease. Meningococcal Research Group. Lancet. 1999 Mar 27;353(9158):1049–1053. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08350-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Holdsworth R. J., Irving A. D., Cuschieri A. Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: actual versus perceived risks. Br J Surg. 1991 Sep;78(9):1031–1038. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800780904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. IVEMARK B. I. Implications of agenesis of the spleen on the pathogenesis of conotruncus anomalies in childhood; an analysis of the heart malformations in the splenic agenesis syndrome, with fourteen new cases. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1955 Nov;44(Suppl 104):7–110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kraal G., Ter Hart H., Meelhuizen C., Venneker G., Claassen E. Marginal zone macrophages and their role in the immune response against T-independent type 2 antigens: modulation of the cells with specific antibody. Eur J Immunol. 1989 Apr;19(4):675–680. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830190416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lane P. J., Gray D., Oldfield S., MacLennan I. C. Differences in the recruitment of virgin B cells into antibody responses to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent type-2 antigens. Eur J Immunol. 1986 Dec;16(12):1569–1575. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830161216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lefranc M. P., Lefranc G., Rabbitts T. H. Inherited deletion of immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes in normal human individuals. Nature. 1982 Dec 23;300(5894):760–762. doi: 10.1038/300760a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Leitão M. F., Vilela M. M., Rutz R., Grumach A. S., Condino-Neto A., Kirschfink M. Complement factor I deficiency in a family with recurrent infections. Immunopharmacology. 1997 Dec;38(1-2):207–213. doi: 10.1016/s0162-3109(97)00080-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. MacLennan J., Obaro S., Deeks J., Williams D., Pais L., Carlone G., Moxon R., Greenwood B. Immune response to revaccination with meningococcal A and C polysaccharides in Gambian children following repeated immunisation during early childhood. Vaccine. 1999 Aug 6;17(23-24):3086–3093. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00139-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Malynn B. A., Yancopoulos G. D., Barth J. E., Bona C. A., Alt F. W. Biased expression of JH-proximal VH genes occurs in the newly generated repertoire of neonatal and adult mice. J Exp Med. 1990 Mar 1;171(3):843–859. doi: 10.1084/jem.171.3.843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. McKinney R. E., Jr, Katz S. L., Wilfert C. M. Chronic enteroviral meningoencephalitis in agammaglobulinemic patients. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Mar-Apr;9(2):334–356. doi: 10.1093/clinids/9.2.334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Minegishi Y., Rohrer J., Conley M. E. Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with defects in early B-cell development. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1999 Dec;11(6):528–532. doi: 10.1097/00008480-199912000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Minegishi Y., Rohrer J., Coustan-Smith E., Lederman H. M., Pappu R., Campana D., Chan A. C., Conley M. E. An essential role for BLNK in human B cell development. Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1954–1957. doi: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1954. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Mond J. J., Lees A., Snapper C. M. T cell-independent antigens type 2. Annu Rev Immunol. 1995;13:655–692. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.003255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Murray C. J., Lopez A. D. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997 May 24;349(9064):1498–1504. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Noel G. J., Katz S., Edelson P. J. Complement-mediated early clearance of Haemophilus influenzae type b from blood is independent of serum lytic activity. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jan;157(1):85–90. doi: 10.1093/infdis/157.1.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Nonoyama S., Tsukada S., Yamadori T., Miyawaki T., Jin Y. Z., Watanabe C., Morio T., Yata J., Ochs H. D. Functional analysis of peripheral blood B cells in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. J Immunol. 1998 Oct 15;161(8):3925–3929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Oxelius V. A., Laurell A. B., Lindquist B., Golebiowska H., Axelsson U., Björkander J., Hanson L. A. IgG subclasses in selective IgA deficiency: importance of IgG2-IgA deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981 Jun 11;304(24):1476–1477. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198106113042408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Petersen B. H., Lee T. J., Snyderman R., Brooks G. F. Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Jun;90(6):917–920. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-90-6-917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Platonov A. E., Beloborodov V. B., Vershinina I. V. Meningococcal disease in patients with late complement component deficiency: studies in the U.S.S.R. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993 Nov;72(6):374–392. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199311000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Quinn P. H., Crosson F. J., Jr, Winkelstein J. A., Moxon E. R. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Haemophilus influenzae type B. Infect Immun. 1977 Apr;16(1):400–402. doi: 10.1128/iai.16.1.400-402.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Roberts C. W., Shutter J. R., Korsmeyer S. J. Hox11 controls the genesis of the spleen. Nature. 1994 Apr 21;368(6473):747–749. doi: 10.1038/368747a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ross S. C., Densen P. Complement deficiency states and infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and consequences of neisserial and other infections in an immune deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 1984 Sep;63(5):243–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Rudge P., Webster A. D., Revesz T., Warner T., Espanol T., Cunningham-Rundles C., Hyman N. Encephalomyelitis in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. Brain. 1996 Feb;119(Pt 1):1–15. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Scher I. CBA/N immune defective mice; evidence for the failure of a B cell subpopulation to be expressed. Immunol Rev. 1982;64:117–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1982.tb00421.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Schur P. H., Borel H., Gelfand E. W., Alper C. A., Rosen F. S. Selective gamma-g globulin deficiencies in patients with recurrent pyogenic infections. N Engl J Med. 1970 Sep 17;283(12):631–634. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197009172831205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Thomas J. D., Sideras P., Smith C. I., Vorechovský I., Chapman V., Paul W. E. Colocalization of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and X-linked immunodeficiency genes. Science. 1993 Jul 16;261(5119):355–358. doi: 10.1126/science.8332900. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Timens W., Boes A., Rozeboom-Uiterwijk T., Poppema S. Immaturity of the human splenic marginal zone in infancy. Possible contribution to the deficient infant immune response. J Immunol. 1989 Nov 15;143(10):3200–3206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Tuomanen E. Molecular and cellular biology of pneumococcal infection. Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999 Feb;2(1):35–39. doi: 10.1016/s1369-5274(99)80006-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Wahn V., Müller W., Rieger C., Rother U. Persistently circulating C3 nephritic factor (C3 NeF)-stabilized alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3 CoF) in serum of an 11-year-old girl with meningococcal septicemia--simultaneous occurrence with free C3 NeF. Pediatr Res. 1987 Aug;22(2):123–129. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198708000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. de Vinuesa C. G., Cook M. C., Ball J., Drew M., Sunners Y., Cascalho M., Wabl M., Klaus G. G., MacLennan I. C. Germinal centers without T cells. J Exp Med. 2000 Feb 7;191(3):485–494. doi: 10.1084/jem.191.3.485. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Postgraduate Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES