Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1997 Jul;52(7):638–642. doi: 10.1136/thx.52.7.638

Effect of exposure to swine dust on levels of IL-8 in airway lavage fluid

B M Larsson, L Palmberg, P O Malmberg, K Larsson
PMCID: PMC1758613  PMID: 9246137

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Inhalation of swine dust causes airway inflammation with influx of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, into the lungs. A study was undertaken to determine whether or not exposure to swine dust induces release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) into upper and lower airways and how this possible release is related to cellular influx. A further aim was to study the relationship between the inflammatory response and swine dust exposure. METHODS: Thirty one healthy, non- smoking, previously unexposed subjects were exposed to swine dust during three hours work in a swine house. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed two weeks before and 24 hours after the exposure (n = 16). Nasal lavage and acoustic rhinometry were carried out 1-2 hours before and seven hours after the start of the exposure (n = 31). Exposure measurements were performed with personal sampling equipment. RESULTS: The exposure led to 19-fold and 70-fold increases in the neutrophil concentrations in nasal lavage and BAL fluid, respectively (p < 0.001). In BAL, fluid macrophages, lymphocytes and eosinophils increased significantly. The IL-8 levels in BAL fluid increased from < 31.3 ng/l to 63 (43-109) ng/l (median (25-75th percentile), p < 0.001), and in nasal lavage fluid the concentrations increased from 144 (97- 227) ng/l to 1064 (864-1437) ng/l (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels showed a significant correlation with the increase in neutrophils in the nasal lavage fluid but not in the BAL fluid. Acoustic rhinometry demonstrated significant swelling of the nasal mucosa. The air concentration of inhalable dust was 23.3 (20.0-29.3) mg/m3, endotoxin 1.3 (1.1-1.4) micrograms/m3, and muramic acid 0.99 (0.78-2.1) microgram/m3. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of IL-8 increases in BAL fluid and nasal lavage fluid following exposure to swine dust and may be one of the chemoattractants contributing to the recruitment of neutrophils to the nasal cavity and the alveolar space. 




Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (143.5 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Björk L., Andersson J., Ceska M., Andersson U. Endotoxin and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A induce different patterns of cytokines. Cytokine. 1992 Nov;4(6):513–519. doi: 10.1016/1043-4666(92)90013-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Black G. E., Fox A., Fox K., Snyder A. P., Smith P. B. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of native muramic acid in whole bacterial cell hydrolysates. Anal Chem. 1994 Dec 1;66(23):4171–4176. doi: 10.1021/ac00095a010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bédard M., McClure C. D., Schiller N. L., Francoeur C., Cantin A., Denis M. Release of interleukin-8, interleukin-6, and colony-stimulating factors by upper airway epithelial cells: implications for cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993 Oct;9(4):455–462. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb/9.4.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cromwell O., Hamid Q., Corrigan C. J., Barkans J., Meng Q., Collins P. D., Kay A. B. Expression and generation of interleukin-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by bronchial epithelial cells and enhancement by IL-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunology. 1992 Nov;77(3):330–337. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Crook B., Robertson J. F., Glass S. A., Botheroyd E. M., Lacey J., Topping M. D. Airborne dust, ammonia, microorganisms, and antigens in pig confinement houses and the respiratory health of exposed farm workers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1991 Jul;52(7):271–279. doi: 10.1080/15298669191364721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Eckmann L., Kagnoff M. F., Fierer J. Epithelial cells secrete the chemokine interleukin-8 in response to bacterial entry. Infect Immun. 1993 Nov;61(11):4569–4574. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.11.4569-4574.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ford-Hutchinson A. W., Bray M. A., Doig M. V., Shipley M. E., Smith M. J. Leukotriene B, a potent chemokinetic and aggregating substance released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Nature. 1980 Jul 17;286(5770):264–265. doi: 10.1038/286264a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fujishima S., Hoffman A. R., Vu T., Kim K. J., Zheng H., Daniel D., Kim Y., Wallace E. F., Larrick J. W., Raffin T. A. Regulation of neutrophil interleukin 8 gene expression and protein secretion by LPS, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta. J Cell Physiol. 1993 Mar;154(3):478–485. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041540305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hilberg O., Jackson A. C., Swift D. L., Pedersen O. F. Acoustic rhinometry: evaluation of nasal cavity geometry by acoustic reflection. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989 Jan;66(1):295–303. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Iversen M., Dahl R., Korsgaard J., Hallas T., Jensen E. J. Respiratory symptoms in Danish farmers: an epidemiological study of risk factors. Thorax. 1988 Nov;43(11):872–877. doi: 10.1136/thx.43.11.872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Jorens P. G., Richman-Eisenstat J. B., Housset B. P., Massion P. P., Ueki I., Nadel J. A. Pseudomonas-induced neutrophil recruitment in the dog airway in vivo is mediated in part by IL-8 and inhibited by a leumedin. Eur Respir J. 1994 Nov;7(11):1925–1931. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Larsson K. A., Eklund A. G., Hansson L. O., Isaksson B. M., Malmberg P. O. Swine dust causes intense airways inflammation in healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;150(4):973–977. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Malmberg P., Larsson K. Acute exposure to swine dust causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness in healthy subjects. Eur Respir J. 1993 Mar;6(3):400–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Mielniczuk Z., Mielniczuk E., Larsson L. Determination of muramic acid in organic dust by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1995 Aug 4;670(1):167–172. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00152-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Miller M. D., Krangel M. S. Biology and biochemistry of the chemokines: a family of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines. Crit Rev Immunol. 1992;12(1-2):17–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Möller A., Lippert U., Lessmann D., Kolde G., Hamann K., Welker P., Schadendorf D., Rosenbach T., Luger T., Czarnetzki B. M. Human mast cells produce IL-8. J Immunol. 1993 Sep 15;151(6):3261–3266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Pipkorn U., Karlsson G., Enerbäck L. A brush method to harvest cells from the nasal mucosa for microscopic and biochemical analysis. J Immunol Methods. 1988 Aug 9;112(1):37–42. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90030-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Rankin J. A., Sylvester I., Smith S., Yoshimura T., Leonard E. J. Macrophages cultured in vitro release leukotriene B4 and neutrophil attractant/activation protein (interleukin 8) sequentially in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and zymosan. J Clin Invest. 1990 Nov;86(5):1556–1564. doi: 10.1172/JCI114875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Rolfe M. W., Kunkel S. L., Standiford T. J., Chensue S. W., Allen R. M., Evanoff H. L., Phan S. H., Strieter R. M. Pulmonary fibroblast expression of interleukin-8: a model for alveolar macrophage-derived cytokine networking. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1991 Nov;5(5):493–501. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb/5.5.493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Spector A. A., Gordon J. A., Moore S. A. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Prog Lipid Res. 1988;27(4):271–323. doi: 10.1016/0163-7827(88)90009-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Strieter R. M., Kasahara K., Allen R. M., Standiford T. J., Rolfe M. W., Becker F. S., Chensue S. W., Kunkel S. L. Cytokine-induced neutrophil-derived interleukin-8. Am J Pathol. 1992 Aug;141(2):397–407. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Strieter R. M., Kunkel S. L., Burdick M. D., Lincoln P. M., Walz A. The detection of a novel neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78) using a sensitive ELISA. Immunol Invest. 1992 Oct;21(6):589–596. doi: 10.3109/08820139209069393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Strieter R. M., Kunkel S. L., Showell H. J., Remick D. G., Phan S. H., Ward P. A., Marks R. M. Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF-alpha, LPS, and IL-1 beta. Science. 1989 Mar 17;243(4897):1467–1469. doi: 10.1126/science.2648570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Walz A., Burgener R., Car B., Baggiolini M., Kunkel S. L., Strieter R. M. Structure and neutrophil-activating properties of a novel inflammatory peptide (ENA-78) with homology to interleukin 8. J Exp Med. 1991 Dec 1;174(6):1355–1362. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES