Skip to main content
PMC home page
Occupational and Environmental Medicine logoLink to Occupational and Environmental Medicine
. 2002 Dec;59(12):794–799. doi: 10.1136/oem.59.12.794

Mortality among US and UK veterans of the Persian Gulf War: a review

H Kang 1, T Bullman 1, G Macfarlane 1, G Gray 1
PMCID: PMC1763601  PMID: 12468744

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (118.3 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bullman T. A., Kang H. K. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994 Nov;182(11):604–610. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199411000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Cowan D. N., DeFraites R. F., Gray G. C., Goldenbaum M. B., Wishik S. M. The risk of birth defects among children of Persian Gulf War veterans. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jun 5;336(23):1650–1656. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199706053362306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Engel L. W., Strauchen J. A., Chiazze L., Jr, Heid M. Accuracy of death certification in an autopsied population with specific attention to malignant neoplasms and vascular diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1980 Jan;111(1):99–112. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fukuda K., Nisenbaum R., Stewart G., Thompson W. W., Robin L., Washko R. M., Noah D. L., Barrett D. H., Randall B., Herwaldt B. L. Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):981–988. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.11.981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Gray G. C., Coate B. D., Anderson C. M., Kang H. K., Berg S. W., Wignall F. S., Knoke J. D., Barrett-Connor E. The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med. 1996 Nov 14;335(20):1505–1513. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199611143352007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Gray G. C., Hawksworth A. W., Smith T. C., Kang H. K., Knoke J. D., Gackstetter G. D. Gulf War Veterans' Health Registries. Who is most likely to seek evaluation? Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Aug 15;148(4):343–349. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Gray G. C., Kaiser K. S., Hawksworth A. W., Hall F. W., Barrett-Connor E. Increased postwar symptoms and psychological morbidity among U.S. Navy Gulf War veterans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 May;60(5):758–766. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gray G. C., Knoke J. D., Berg S. W., Wignall F. S., Barrett-Connor E. Counterpoint: Responding to suppositions and misunderstandings. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Aug 15;148(4):328–338. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Helmkamp J. C. United States military casualty comparison during the Persian Gulf War. J Occup Med. 1994 Jun;36(6):609–615. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Joseph S. C. A comprehensive clinical evaluation of 20,000 Persian Gulf War veterans. Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program Evaluation Team. Mil Med. 1997 Mar;162(3):149–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kang H. K., Bullman T. A. Mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med. 1996 Nov 14;335(20):1498–1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199611143352006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kang H. K., Bullman T. A. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 7-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Sep 1;154(5):399–405. doi: 10.1093/aje/154.5.399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kang H. K., Bullman T. Counterpoint: Negligible "healthy-warrior effect" on Gulf War Veterans' mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Aug 15;148(4):324–338. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kang H. K., Mahan C. M., Lee K. Y., Magee C. A., Murphy F. M. Illnesses among United States veterans of the Gulf War: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. J Occup Environ Med. 2000 May;42(5):491–501. doi: 10.1097/00043764-200005000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Macfarlane G. J., Thomas E., Cherry N. Mortality among UK Gulf War veterans. Lancet. 2000 Jul 1;356(9223):17–21. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02428-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Murphy F. M., Kang H., Dalager N. A., Lee K. Y., Allen R. E., Mather S. H., Kizer K. W. The health status of Gulf War veterans: lessons learned from the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Registry. Mil Med. 1999 May;164(5):327–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Page W. F., Mahan C. M., Kang H. K. Vital status ascertainment through the files of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration. Ann Epidemiol. 1996 Mar;6(2):102–109. doi: 10.1016/1047-2797(95)00126-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Percy C., Stanek E., 3rd, Gloeckler L. Accuracy of cancer death certificates and its effect on cancer mortality statistics. Am J Public Health. 1981 Mar;71(3):242–250. doi: 10.2105/ajph.71.3.242. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Rothberg J. M., Bartone P. T., Holloway H. C., Marlowe D. H. Life and death in the US Army. In Corpore sano. JAMA. 1990 Nov 7;264(17):2241–2244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Seltzer C. C., Jablon S. Effects of selection on mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1974 Nov;100(5):367–372. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Thomas T. L., Kang H. K., Dalager N. A. Mortality among women Vietnam veterans, 1973-1987. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Nov 1;134(9):973–980. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Watanabe K. K., Kang H. K. Military service in Vietnam and the risk of death from trauma and selected cancers. Ann Epidemiol. 1995 Sep;5(5):407–412. doi: 10.1016/1047-2797(95)00039-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Writer J. V., DeFraites R. F., Brundage J. F. Comparative mortality among US military personnel in the Persian Gulf region and worldwide during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. JAMA. 1996 Jan 10;275(2):118–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Occupational and Environmental Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES