Skip to main content
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1999 Dec;54(12):1107–1118. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.12.1107

Primary pulmonary hypertension

A Peacock 1
PMCID: PMC1763750  PMID: 10567632

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (7.3 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abenhaim L., Moride Y., Brenot F., Rich S., Benichou J., Kurz X., Higenbottam T., Oakley C., Wouters E., Aubier M. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 29;335(9):609–616. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199608293350901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abenhaim L., Moride Y., Brenot F., Rich S., Benichou J., Kurz X., Higenbottam T., Oakley C., Wouters E., Aubier M. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 29;335(9):609–616. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199608293350901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Archer S. L., Djaballah K., Humbert M., Weir K. E., Fartoukh M., Dall'ava-Santucci J., Mercier J. C., Simonneau G., Dinh-Xuan A. T. Nitric oxide deficiency in fenfluramine- and dexfenfluramine-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Oct;158(4):1061–1067. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Archer S. L., Djaballah K., Humbert M., Weir K. E., Fartoukh M., Dall'ava-Santucci J., Mercier J. C., Simonneau G., Dinh-Xuan A. T. Nitric oxide deficiency in fenfluramine- and dexfenfluramine-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Oct;158(4):1061–1067. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barst R. J., Rubin L. J., Long W. A., McGoon M. D., Rich S., Badesch D. B., Groves B. M., Tapson V. F., Bourge R. C., Brundage B. H. A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 1;334(5):296–301. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199602013340504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brett S. J., Simon J., Gibbs R., Pepper J. R., Evans T. W. Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Thorax. 1996 Jan;51(1):89–91. doi: 10.1136/thx.51.1.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brij S. O., Peacock A. J. Cellular responses to hypoxia in the pulmonary circulation. Thorax. 1998 Dec;53(12):1075–1079. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.12.1075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Christman B. W., McPherson C. D., Newman J. H., King G. A., Bernard G. R., Groves B. M., Loyd J. E. An imbalance between the excretion of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 9;327(2):70–75. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199207093270202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Connolly H. M., Crary J. L., McGoon M. D., Hensrud D. D., Edwards B. S., Edwards W. D., Schaff H. V. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 28;337(9):581–588. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708283370901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Curfman G. D. Diet pills redux. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 28;337(9):629–630. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708283370909. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. D'Alonzo G. E., Barst R. J., Ayres S. M., Bergofsky E. H., Brundage B. H., Detre K. M., Fishman A. P., Goldring R. M., Groves B. M., Kernis J. T. Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Sep 1;115(5):343–349. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-115-5-343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. D'Alonzo G. E., Gianotti L., Dantzker D. R. Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic improvement during chronic vasodilator therapy in obliterative pulmonary hypertension. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Mar;133(3):380–384. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.3.380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Delcroix M., Kurz X., Walckiers D., Demedts M., Naeije R. High incidence of primary pulmonary hypertension associated with appetite suppressants in Belgium. Eur Respir J. 1998 Aug;12(2):271–276. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.12020271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Egermayer P., Town G. I., Peacock A. J. Role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Thorax. 1999 Feb;54(2):161–168. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.2.161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Eysmann S. B., Palevsky H. I., Reichek N., Hackney K., Douglas P. S. Two-dimensional and Doppler-echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization correlates of survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1989 Aug;80(2):353–360. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.80.2.353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fuster V., Steele P. M., Edwards W. D., Gersh B. J., McGoon M. D., Frye R. L. Primary pulmonary hypertension: natural history and the importance of thrombosis. Circulation. 1984 Oct;70(4):580–587. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.70.4.580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Giaid A., Saleh D. Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 27;333(4):214–221. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199507273330403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Giaid A., Yanagisawa M., Langleben D., Michel R. P., Levy R., Shennib H., Kimura S., Masaki T., Duguid W. P., Stewart D. J. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 17;328(24):1732–1739. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199306173282402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gurtner H. P. Pulmonary hypertension, "plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy" and the appetite depressant drug aminorex: post or propter? Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1979 Sep-Oct;15(5):897–923. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hadengue A., Benhayoun M. K., Lebrec D., Benhamou J. P. Pulmonary hypertension complicating portal hypertension: prevalence and relation to splanchnic hemodynamics. Gastroenterology. 1991 Feb;100(2):520–528. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90225-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hervé P., Launay J. M., Scrobohaci M. L., Brenot F., Simonneau G., Petitpretz P., Poubeau P., Cerrina J., Duroux P., Drouet L. Increased plasma serotonin in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med. 1995 Sep;99(3):249–254. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80156-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hervé P., Lebrec D., Brenot F., Simonneau G., Humbert M., Sitbon O., Duroux P. Pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension. Eur Respir J. 1998 May;11(5):1153–1166. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.11051153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hervé P., Lebrec D., Brenot F., Simonneau G., Humbert M., Sitbon O., Duroux P. Pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension. Eur Respir J. 1998 May;11(5):1153–1166. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.11051153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Higenbottam T. W., Butt A. Y., Dinh-Xaun A. T., Takao M., Cremona G., Akamine S. Treatment of pulmonary hypertension with the continuous infusion of a prostacyclin analogue, iloprost. Heart. 1998 Feb;79(2):175–179. doi: 10.1136/hrt.79.2.175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Honey M., Cotter L., Davies N., Denison D. Clinical and haemodynamic effects of diazoxide in primary pulmonary hypertension. Thorax. 1980 Apr;35(4):269–276. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.4.269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Horn C. A. Pulmonary hypertension and autoimmune disease. Chest. 1993 Jul;104(1):279–282. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.1.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ikram H., Maslowski A. H., Nicholls M. G., Espiner E. A., Hull F. T. Haemodynamic and hormonal effects of captopril in primary pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J. 1982 Dec;48(6):541–545. doi: 10.1136/hrt.48.6.541. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Inbar S., Schrader B. J., Kaufmann E., Vestal R. E., Rich S. Effects of adenosine in combination with calcium channel blockers in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Feb;21(2):413–418. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90683-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jolliet P., Bulpa P., Thorens J. B., Ritz M., Chevrolet J. C. Nitric oxide and prostacyclin as test agents of vasoreactivity in severe precapillary pulmonary hypertension: predictive ability and consequences on haemodynamics and gas exchange. Thorax. 1997 Apr;52(4):369–372. doi: 10.1136/thx.52.4.369. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kerstein D., Levy P. S., Hsu D. T., Hordof A. J., Gersony W. M., Barst R. J. Blade balloon atrial septostomy in patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1995 Apr 1;91(7):2028–2035. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.7.2028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kharitonov S. A., Cailes J. B., Black C. M., du Bois R. M., Barnes P. J. Decreased nitric oxide in the exhaled air of patients with systemic sclerosis with pulmonary hypertension. Thorax. 1997 Dec;52(12):1051–1055. doi: 10.1136/thx.52.12.1051. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lee P., Langevitz P., Alderdice C. A., Aubrey M., Baer P. A., Baron M., Buskila D., Dutz J. P., Khostanteen I., Piper S. Mortality in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Q J Med. 1992 Feb;82(298):139–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Leier C. V., Bambach D., Nelson S., Hermiller J. B., Huss P., Magorien R. D., Unverferth D. V. Captopril in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1983 Jan;67(1):155–161. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.67.1.155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Loyd J. E., Primm R. K., Newman J. H. Familial primary pulmonary hypertension: clinical patterns. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Jan;129(1):194–197. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.1.194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. McLaughlin V. V., Genthner D. E., Panella M. M., Rich S. Reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with long-term epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 29;338(5):273–277. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199801293380501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Mette S. A., Palevsky H. I., Pietra G. G., Williams T. M., Bruder E., Prestipino A. J., Patrick A. M., Wirth J. A. Primary pulmonary hypertension in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A possible viral etiology for some forms of hypertensive pulmonary arteriopathy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 May;145(5):1196–1200. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Mikhail G., Gibbs J., Richardson M., Wright G., Khaghani A., Banner N., Yacoub M. An evaluation of nebulized prostacyclin in patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J. 1997 Sep;18(9):1499–1504. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Mitchell D. M., Miller R. F. AIDS and the lung: update 1995. 2. New developments in the pulmonary diseases affecting HIV infected individuals. Thorax. 1995 Mar;50(3):294–302. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.3.294. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Miyata M., Ueno Y., Sekine H., Ito O., Sakuma F., Koike H., Nishio S., Nishimaki T., Kasukawa R. Protective effect of beraprost sodium, a stable prostacyclin analogue, in development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996 Jan;27(1):20–26. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199601000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Morelli S., Giordano M., De Marzio P., Priori R., Sgreccia A., Valesini G. Pulmonary arterial hypertension responsive to immunosuppressive therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1993 Dec;2(6):367–369. doi: 10.1177/096120339300200606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Morgan J. M., Griffiths M., du Bois R. M., Evans T. W. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in systemic sclerosis and primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1991 Mar;99(3):551–556. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.3.551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Morgan J. M., McCormack D. G., Griffiths M. J., Morgan C. J., Barnes P. J., Evans T. W. Adenosine as a vasodilator in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1991 Sep;84(3):1145–1149. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.3.1145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Morse J. H., Jones A. C., Barst R. J., Hodge S. E., Wilhelmsen K. C., Nygaard T. G. Mapping of familial primary pulmonary hypertension locus (PPH1) to chromosome 2q31-q32. Circulation. 1997 Jun 17;95(12):2603–2606. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.12.2603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Nasser S., Christie P. E., Pfister R., Sousa A. R., Walls A., Schmitz-Schumann M., Lee T. H. Effect of endobronchial aspirin challenge on inflammatory cells in bronchial biopsy samples from aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects. Thorax. 1996 Jan;51(1):64–70. doi: 10.1136/thx.51.1.64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Nootens M., Freels S., Kaufmann E., Levy P. S., Rich S. Timing of single lung transplantation for primary pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994 Mar-Apr;13(2):276–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Nootens M., Schrader B., Kaufmann E., Vestal R., Long W., Rich S. Comparative acute effects of adenosine and prostacyclin in primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1995 Jan;107(1):54–57. doi: 10.1378/chest.107.1.54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Ohashi M., Sato K., Suzuki S., Kinoshita M., Miyagawa K., Kojima M., Dohi Y. Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of latent pulmonary hypertension by passive leg raising. Coron Artery Dis. 1997 Oct;8(10):651–655. doi: 10.1097/00019501-199710000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Packer M., Greenberg B., Massie B., Dash H. Deleterious effects of hydralazine in patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jun 3;306(22):1326–1331. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198206033062203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Peacock A. Vasodilators in pulmonary hypertension. Thorax. 1993 Dec;48(12):1196–1199. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.12.1196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Petitpretz P., Brenot F., Azarian R., Parent F., Rain B., Herve P., Simonneau G. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Comparison with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1994 Jun;89(6):2722–2727. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.6.2722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Polos P. G., Wolfe D., Harley R. A., Strange C., Sahn S. A. Pulmonary hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Two reports and a review of the literature. Chest. 1992 Feb;101(2):474–478. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.2.474. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Raeside D. A., Chalmers G., Clelland J., Madhok R., Peacock A. J. Pulmonary artery pressure variation in patients with connective tissue disease: 24 hour ambulatory pulmonary artery pressure monitoring. Thorax. 1998 Oct;53(10):857–862. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.10.857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Rich S., Brundage B. H. High-dose calcium channel-blocking therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension: evidence for long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and regression of right ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1987 Jul;76(1):135–141. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.76.1.135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Rich S., Dodin E., McLaughlin V. V. Usefulness of atrial septostomy as a treatment for primary pulmonary hypertension and guidelines for its application. Am J Cardiol. 1997 Aug 1;80(3):369–371. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00370-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Rich S., Hart K., Kieras K., Brundage B. H. Thromboxane synthetase inhibition in primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1987 Mar;91(3):356–360. doi: 10.1378/chest.91.3.356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Rich S., Kaufmann E. High dose titration of calcium channel blocking agents for primary pulmonary hypertension: guidelines for short-term drug testing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Nov 1;18(5):1323–1327. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90556-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rich S., Kaufmann E., Levy P. S. The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 9;327(2):76–81. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199207093270203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Rich S., Lam W. Atrial septostomy as palliative therapy for refractory primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1983 May 15;51(9):1560–1561. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90678-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Rich S., Seidlitz M., Dodin E., Osimani D., Judd D., Genthner D., McLaughlin V., Francis G. The short-term effects of digoxin in patients with right ventricular dysfunction from pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1998 Sep;114(3):787–792. doi: 10.1378/chest.114.3.787. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Robalino B. D., Moodie D. S. Association between primary pulmonary hypertension and portal hypertension: analysis of its pathophysiology and clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic manifestations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Feb;17(2):492–498. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(10)80121-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rubin L. J., Groves B. M., Reeves J. T., Frosolono M., Handel F., Cato A. E. Prostacyclin-induced acute pulmonary vasodilation in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1982 Aug;66(2):334–338. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.66.2.334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Rubin L. J., Groves B. M., Reeves J. T., Frosolono M., Handel F., Cato A. E. Prostacyclin-induced acute pulmonary vasodilation in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1982 Aug;66(2):334–338. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.66.2.334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rubin L. J., Mendoza J., Hood M., McGoon M., Barst R., Williams W. B., Diehl J. H., Crow J., Long W. Treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with continuous intravenous prostacyclin (epoprostenol). Results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Apr 1;112(7):485–491. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-112-7-485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rubin L. J. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 9;336(2):111–117. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199701093360207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Saji T., Ozawa Y., Ishikita T., Matsuura H., Matsuo N. Short-term hemodynamic effect of a new oral PGI2 analogue, beraprost, in primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1996 Jul 15;78(2):244–247. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(96)90408-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Sitbon O., Humbert M., Jagot J. L., Taravella O., Fartoukh M., Parent F., Herve P., Simonneau G. Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening agent for safely identifying responders to oral calcium-channel blockers in primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 1998 Aug;12(2):265–270. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.12020265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Speich R., Jenni R., Opravil M., Pfab M., Russi E. W. Primary pulmonary hypertension in HIV infection. Chest. 1991 Nov;100(5):1268–1271. doi: 10.1378/chest.100.5.1268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Tardivon A. A., Mousseaux E., Brenot F., Bittoun J., Jolivet O., Bourroul E., Duroux P. Quantification of hemodynamics in primary pulmonary hypertension with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;150(4):1075–1080. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921439. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Tei C., Dujardin K. S., Hodge D. O., Bailey K. R., McGoon M. D., Tajik A. J., Seward S. B. Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of global right ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1996 Nov-Dec;9(6):838–847. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(96)90476-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Torbicki A., Hawrylkiewicz I., Zielinski J. Value of M-mode echocardiography in assessing pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with chronic lung disease. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1987 May-Jun;23(3):233–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Vergnon J. M., Barthélémy J. C., Riffat J., Boissier C., Claudy A., Emonot A. Raynaud's phenomenon of the lung. A reality both in primary and secondary Raynaud syndrome. Chest. 1992 May;101(5):1312–1317. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.5.1312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Wagner P. D. Impairment of gas exchange in liver cirrhosis. Eur Respir J. 1995 Dec;8(12):1993–1995. doi: 10.1183/09031936.95.08121993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Walmrath D., Schermuly R., Pilch J., Grimminger F., Seeger W. Effects of inhaled versus intravenous vasodilators in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 1997 May;10(5):1084–1092. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10051084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Weir E. K., Rubin L. J., Ayres S. M., Bergofsky E. H., Brundage B. H., Detre K. M., Elliott C. G., Fishman A. P., Goldring R. M., Groves B. M. The acute administration of vasodilators in primary pulmonary hypertension. Experience from the National Institutes of Health Registry on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Dec;140(6):1623–1630. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Yuan X. J., Wang J., Juhaszova M., Gaine S. P., Rubin L. J. Attenuated K+ channel gene transcription in primary pulmonary hypertension. Lancet. 1998 Mar 7;351(9104):726–727. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78495-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES