Skip to main content
PMC home page
Tobacco Control logoLink to Tobacco Control
. 2002 Jun;11(2):119–124. doi: 10.1136/tc.11.2.119

The genetics of tobacco use: methods, findings and policy implications

W Hall 1, P Madden 1, M Lynskey 1
PMCID: PMC1763861  PMID: 12035004

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (105.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Benowitz N. L. The genetics of drug dependence: tobacco addiction. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 17;327(12):881–883. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209173271210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bishop D. T., Williamson J. A. The power of identity-by-state methods for linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Feb;46(2):254–265. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bouchardy C., Benhamou S., Jourenkova N., Dayer P., Hirvonen A. Metabolic genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2001 May;32(2):109–112. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00215-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Collins F. S. Shattuck lecture--medical and societal consequences of the Human Genome Project. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 1;341(1):28–37. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199907013410106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Degenhardt L., Hall W. The relationship between tobacco use, substance-use disorders and mental health: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Nicotine Tob Res. 2001 Aug;3(3):225–234. doi: 10.1080/14622200110050457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Devereux T. R., Taylor J. A., Barrett J. C. Molecular mechanisms of lung cancer. Interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Giles F. Filley Lecture. Chest. 1996 Mar;109(3 Suppl):14S–19S. doi: 10.1378/chest.109.3_supplement.14s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Evans J. P., Skrzynia C., Burke W. The complexities of predictive genetic testing. BMJ. 2001 Apr 28;322(7293):1052–1056. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7293.1052. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Heath A. C., Cates R., Martin N. G., Meyer J., Hewitt J. K., Neale M. C., Eaves L. J. Genetic contribution to risk of smoking initiation: comparisons across birth cohorts and across cultures. J Subst Abuse. 1993;5(3):221–246. doi: 10.1016/0899-3289(93)90065-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Heath A. C., Kessler R. C., Neale M. C., Hewitt J. K., Eaves L. J., Kendler K. S. Testing hypotheses about direction of causation using cross-sectional family data. Behav Genet. 1993 Jan;23(1):29–50. doi: 10.1007/BF01067552. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Heath A. C., Martin N. G. Genetic models for the natural history of smoking: evidence for a genetic influence on smoking persistence. Addict Behav. 1993 Jan-Feb;18(1):19–34. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(93)90005-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Heath A. C. Persist or quit? Testing for a genetic contribution to smoking persistence. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 1990;39(4):447–458. doi: 10.1017/s0001566000003676. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Holtzman N. A., Marteau T. M. Will genetics revolutionize medicine? N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 13;343(2):141–144. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007133430213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Holtzman N. A., Shapiro D. Genetic testing and public policy. BMJ. 1998 Mar 14;316(7134):852–856. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7134.852. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Humphries S. E., Talmud P. J., Hawe E., Bolla M., Day I. N., Miller G. J. Apolipoprotein E4 and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men who smoke: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001 Jul 14;358(9276):115–119. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05330-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M. A prospective study of psychological and socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and morbidity in cigarette smokers prior to quitting compared to persistent smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(2):139–150. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90088-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M., Langinvainio H. Finnish twins reared apart. IV: Smoking and drinking habits. A preliminary analysis of the effect of heredity and environment. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 1984;33(3):425–433. doi: 10.1017/s0001566000005870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M., Langinvainio H., Romanov K., Sarna S., Rose R. J. Genetic influences on use and abuse of alcohol: a study of 5638 adult Finnish twin brothers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987 Aug;11(4):349–356. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01324.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kendler K. S., Gardner C. O., Jr Twin studies of adult psychiatric and substance dependence disorders: are they biased by differences in the environmental experiences of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in childhood and adolescence? Psychol Med. 1998 May;28(3):625–633. doi: 10.1017/s0033291798006643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kendler K. S., Heath A. C., Neale M. C., Kessler R. C., Eaves L. J. A population-based twin study of alcoholism in women. JAMA. 1992 Oct 14;268(14):1877–1882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kendler K. S., Neale M. C., Kessler R. C., Heath A. C., Eaves L. J. A test of the equal-environment assumption in twin studies of psychiatric illness. Behav Genet. 1993 Jan;23(1):21–27. doi: 10.1007/BF01067551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kendler K. S., Neale M. C., Kessler R. C., Heath A. C., Eaves L. J. Parental treatment and the equal environment assumption in twin studies of psychiatric illness. Psychol Med. 1994 Aug;24(3):579–590. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700027732. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kendler K. S., Neale M. C., Sullivan P., Corey L. A., Gardner C. O., Prescott C. A. A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Psychol Med. 1999 Mar;29(2):299–308. doi: 10.1017/s0033291798008022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kendler K. S., Thornton L. M., Pedersen N. L. Tobacco consumption in Swedish twins reared apart and reared together. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;57(9):886–892. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.886. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kozlowski L. T. Rehabilitating a genetic perspective in the study of tobacco and alcohol use. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):517–520. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01800.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Lander E. S., Schork N. J. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2037–2048. doi: 10.1126/science.8091226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Lerman C., Caporaso N. E., Audrain J., Main D., Bowman E. D., Lockshin B., Boyd N. R., Shields P. G. Evidence suggesting the role of specific genetic factors in cigarette smoking. Health Psychol. 1999 Jan;18(1):14–20. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.18.1.14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lichtenstein P., Holm N. V., Verkasalo P. K., Iliadou A., Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M., Pukkala E., Skytthe A., Hemminki K. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 13;343(2):78–85. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007133430201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lomas D. A., Silverman E. K. The genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2001 Jan 11;2(1):20–26. doi: 10.1186/rr34. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Long J. C., Knowler W. C., Hanson R. L., Robin R. W., Urbanek M., Moore E., Bennett P. H., Goldman D. Evidence for genetic linkage to alcohol dependence on chromosomes 4 and 11 from an autosome-wide scan in an American Indian population. Am J Med Genet. 1998 May 8;81(3):216–221. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<216::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Madden P. A., Heath A. C., Pedersen N. L., Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M. J., Martin N. G. The genetics of smoking persistence in men and women: a multicultural study. Behav Genet. 1999 Nov;29(6):423–431. doi: 10.1023/a:1021674804714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Marteau T. M., Croyle R. T. The new genetics. Psychological responses to genetic testing. BMJ. 1998 Feb 28;316(7132):693–696. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7132.693. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Munafò Marcus, Johnstone Elaine, Murphy Michael, Walton Robert. New directions in the genetic mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction. Addict Biol. 2001 Apr;6(2):109–117. doi: 10.1080/13556210020040181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Niu T., Chen C., Ni J., Wang B., Fang Z., Shao H., Xu X. Nicotine dependence and its familial aggregation in Chinese. Int J Epidemiol. 2000 Apr;29(2):248–252. doi: 10.1093/ije/29.2.248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Oscarson M., Gullstén H., Rautio A., Bernal M. L., Sinues B., Dahl M. L., Stengård J. H., Pelkonen O., Raunio H., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genotyping of human cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), a nicotine C-oxidase. FEBS Lett. 1998 Nov 6;438(3):201–205. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01297-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Osler M., Holst C., Prescott E., Sørensen T. I. Influence of genes and family environment on adult smoking behavior assessed in an adoption study. Genet Epidemiol. 2001 Nov;21(3):193–200. doi: 10.1002/gepi.1028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Pianezza M. L., Sellers E. M., Tyndale R. F. Nicotine metabolism defect reduces smoking. Nature. 1998 Jun 25;393(6687):750–750. doi: 10.1038/31623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Pomerleau O. F. Individual differences in sensitivity to nicotine: implications for genetic research on nicotine dependence. Behav Genet. 1995 Mar;25(2):161–177. doi: 10.1007/BF02196925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. RAASCHOU-NIELSEN E. Smoking habits in twins. Dan Med Bull. 1960 Jun;7:82–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Reich T., Edenberg H. J., Goate A., Williams J. T., Rice J. P., Van Eerdewegh P., Foroud T., Hesselbrock V., Schuckit M. A., Bucholz K. Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet. 1998 May 8;81(3):207–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Risch N. Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. II. The power of affected relative pairs. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Feb;46(2):229–241. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Risch N. The genetic epidemiology of cancer: interpreting family and twin studies and their implications for molecular genetic approaches. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Jul;10(7):733–741. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rutter M., Pickles A., Murray R., Eaves L. Testing hypotheses on specific environmental causal effects on behavior. Psychol Bull. 2001 May;127(3):291–324. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Stolley P. D. When genius errs: R.A. Fisher and the lung cancer controversy. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Mar 1;133(5):416–428. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Swan G. E. Implications of genetic epidemiology for the prevention of tobacco use. Nicotine Tob Res. 1999;1 (Suppl 1):S49–S56. doi: 10.1080/14622299050011591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. True W. R., Heath A. C., Scherrer J. F., Waterman B., Goldberg J., Lin N., Eisen S. A., Lyons M. J., Tsuang M. T. Genetic and environmental contributions to smoking. Addiction. 1997 Oct;92(10):1277–1287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. True W. R., Xian H., Scherrer J. F., Madden P. A., Bucholz K. K., Heath A. C., Eisen S. A., Lyons M. J., Goldberg J., Tsuang M. Common genetic vulnerability for nicotine and alcohol dependence in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Jul;56(7):655–661. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Vineis P., Schulte P., McMichael A. J. Misconceptions about the use of genetic tests in populations. Lancet. 2001 Mar 3;357(9257):709–712. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04136-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Walton R., Johnstone E., Munafò M., Neville M., Griffiths S. Genetic clues to the molecular basis of tobacco addiction and progress towards personalized therapy. Trends Mol Med. 2001 Feb;7(2):70–76. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4914(01)01915-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Wang X. L., Mahaney M. C. Genotype-specific effects of smoking on risk of CHD. Lancet. 2001 Jul 14;358(9276):87–88. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05377-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Tobacco Control are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES