Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1998 Oct;53(Suppl 3):S20–S24.

Sleep apnoea and autonomic function

C Zwillich
PMCID: PMC1765913  PMID: 10193356

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (121.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Boudoulas H., Schmidt H. S., Clark R. W., Geleris P., Schaal S. F., Lewis R. P. Anthropometric characteristics, cardiac abnormalities and adrenergic activity in patients with primary disorders of sleep. J Med. 1983;14(3):223–238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Brodsky M., Wu D., Denes P., Kanakis C., Rosen K. M. Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1977 Mar;39(3):390–395. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(77)80094-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Clark R. W., Boudoulas H., Schaal S. F., Schmidt H. S. Adrenergic hyperactivity and cardiac abnormality in primary disorders of sleep. Neurology. 1980 Feb;30(2):113–119. doi: 10.1212/wnl.30.2.113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. DALY M. D., SCOTT M. J. The cardiovascular responses to stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors in the dog. J Physiol. 1963 Jan;165:179–197. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007051. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Douglas N. J., White D. P., Weil J. V., Pickett C. K., Martin R. J., Hudgel D. W., Zwillich C. W. Hypoxic ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal men. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Mar;125(3):286–289. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.125.3.286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Fletcher E. C., Lesske J., Behm R., Miller C. C., 3rd, Stauss H., Unger T. Carotid chemoreceptors, systemic blood pressure, and chronic episodic hypoxia mimicking sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992 May;72(5):1978–1984. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1978. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fletcher E. C., Lesske J., Qian W., Miller C. C., 3rd, Unger T. Repetitive, episodic hypoxia causes diurnal elevation of blood pressure in rats. Hypertension. 1992 Jun;19(6 Pt 1):555–561. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.19.6.555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fletcher E. C., Miller J., Schaaf J. W., Fletcher J. G. Urinary catecholamines before and after tracheostomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. Sleep. 1987 Feb;10(1):35–44. doi: 10.1093/sleep/10.1.35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Garpestad E., Katayama H., Parker J. A., Ringler J., Lilly J., Yasuda T., Moore R. H., Strauss H. W., Weiss J. W. Stroke volume and cardiac output decrease at termination of obstructive apneas. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992 Nov;73(5):1743–1748. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Guilleminault C., Connolly S. J., Winkle R. A. Cardiac arrhythmia and conduction disturbances during sleep in 400 patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Sep 1;52(5):490–494. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90013-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Guilleminault C., Connolly S., Winkle R., Melvin K., Tilkian A. Cyclical variation of the heart rate in sleep apnoea syndrome. Mechanisms, and usefulness of 24 h electrocardiography as a screening technique. Lancet. 1984 Jan 21;1(8369):126–131. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90062-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hardy J. C., Gray K., Whisler S., Leuenberger U. Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to voluntary apnea are augmented by hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994 Nov;77(5):2360–2365. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.5.2360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. He J., Kryger M. H., Zorick F. J., Conway W., Roth T. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea. Experience in 385 male patients. Chest. 1988 Jul;94(1):9–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hedner J. A., Wilcox I., Laks L., Grunstein R. R., Sullivan C. E. A specific and potent pressor effect of hypoxia in patients with sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Nov;146(5 Pt 1):1240–1245. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.5_Pt_1.1240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hedner J., Ejnell H., Sellgren J., Hedner T., Wallin G. Is high and fluctuating muscle nerve sympathetic activity in the sleep apnoea syndrome of pathogenetic importance for the development of hypertension? J Hypertens Suppl. 1988 Dec;6(4):S529–S531. doi: 10.1097/00004872-198812040-00166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hla K. M., Young T. B., Bidwell T., Palta M., Skatrud J. B., Dempsey J. Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Mar 1;120(5):382–388. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-5-199403010-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Horner R. L., Brooks D., Kozar L. F., Tse S., Phillipson E. A. Immediate effects of arousal from sleep on cardiac autonomic outflow in the absence of breathing in dogs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995 Jul;79(1):151–162. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hung J., Whitford E. G., Parsons R. W., Hillman D. R. Association of sleep apnoea with myocardial infarction in men. Lancet. 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):261–264. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91799-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Koskenvuo M., Kaprio J., Telakivi T., Partinen M., Heikkilä K., Sarna S. Snoring as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and stroke in men. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 Jan 3;294(6563):16–19. doi: 10.1136/bmj.294.6563.16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Miller W. P. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances in the sleep apnea syndrome. Prevalence and significance. Am J Med. 1982 Sep;73(3):317–321. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90716-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Partinen M., Palomäki H. Snoring and cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1985 Dec 14;2(8468):1325–1326. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92625-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Sato F., Nishimura M., Shinano H., Saito H., Miyamoto K., Kawakami Y. Heart rate during obstructive sleep apnea depends on individual hypoxic chemosensitivity of the carotid body. Circulation. 1997 Jul 1;96(1):274–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Shepard J. W., Jr Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and stroke in relation to obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med. 1992 Sep;13(3):437–458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Somers V. K., Dyken M. E., Clary M. P., Abboud F. M. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest. 1995 Oct;96(4):1897–1904. doi: 10.1172/JCI118235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Stoohs R., Guilleminault C. Cardiovascular changes associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992 Feb;72(2):583–589. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Verrier R. L., Kirby D. A. Sleep and cardiac arrhythmias. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;533:238–251. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb37253.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Viitasalo M., Halonen L., Partinen M., Iivanainen M., Kala R., Eisalo A. Sleep and cardiac rhythm in healthy men. Ann Med. 1991 Apr;23(2):135–139. doi: 10.3109/07853899109148037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Waradekar N. V., Sinoway L. I., Zwillich C. W., Leuenberger U. A. Influence of treatment on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Apr;153(4 Pt 1):1333–1338. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.4.8616563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Wilcox I., Grunstein R. R., Hedner J. A., Doyle J., Collins F. L., Fletcher P. J., Kelly D. T., Sullivan C. E. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure during sleep on 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 1993 Sep;16(6):539–544. doi: 10.1093/sleep/16.6.539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., Skatrud J., Weber S., Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 29;328(17):1230–1235. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199304293281704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Zwillich C., Devlin T., White D., Douglas N., Weil J., Martin R. Bradycardia during sleep apnea. Characteristics and mechanism. J Clin Invest. 1982 Jun;69(6):1286–1292. doi: 10.1172/JCI110568. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES