Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Bacteriology logoLink to Journal of Bacteriology
. 1995 Feb;177(3):705–715. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.3.705-715.1995

Mutations in Escherichia coli dnaA which suppress a dnaX(Ts) polymerization mutation and are dominant when located in the chromosomal allele and recessive on plasmids.

E Ginés-Candelaria 1, A Blinkova 1, J R Walker 1
PMCID: PMC176647  PMID: 7836305

Abstract

Extragenic suppressor mutations which had the ability to suppress a dnaX2016(Ts) DNA polymerization defect and which concomitantly caused cold sensitivity have been characterized within the dnaA initiation gene. When these alleles (designated Cs, Sx) were moved into dnaX+ strains, the new mutants became cold sensitive and phenotypically were initiation defective at 20 degrees C (J.R. Walker, J.A. Ramsey, and W.G. Haldenwang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:3340-3344, 1982). Detailed localization by marker rescue and DNA sequencing are reported here. One mutation changed codon 213 from Ala to Asp, the second changed Arg-432 to Leu, and the third changed codon 435 from Thr to Lys. It is striking that two of the three spontaneous mutations occurred in codons 432 and 435; these codons are within a very highly conserved, 12-residue region (K. Skarstad and E. Boye, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1217:111-130, 1994; W. Messer and C. Weigel, submitted for publication) which must be critical for one of the DnaA activities. The dominance of wild-type and mutant alleles in both initiation and suppression activities was studied. First, in initiation function, the wild-type allele was dominant over the Cs, Sx alleles, and this dominance was independent of location. That is, the dnaA+ allele restored growth to dnaA (Cs, Sx) strains at 20 degrees C independently of which allele was present on the plasmid. The dnaA (Cs, Sx) alleles provided initiator function at 39 degrees C and were dominant in a dnaA(Ts) host at that temperature. On the other hand, suppression was dominant when the suppressor allele was chromosomal but recessive when it was plasmid borne. Furthermore, suppression was not observed when the suppressor allele was present on a plasmid and the chromosomal dnaA was a null allele. These data suggest that the suppressor allele must be integrated into the chromosome, perhaps at the normal dnaA location. Suppression by dnaA (Cs, Sx) did not require initiation at oriC; it was observed in strains deleted of oriC and which initiated at an integrated plasmid origin.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (296.2 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Appleyard R K. Segregation of New Lysogenic Types during Growth of a Doubly Lysogenic Strain Derived from Escherichia Coli K12. Genetics. 1954 Jul;39(4):440–452. doi: 10.1093/genetics/39.4.440. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Atlung T., Clausen E. S., Hansen F. G. Autoregulation of the dnaA gene of Escherichia coli K12. Mol Gen Genet. 1985;200(3):442–450. doi: 10.1007/BF00425729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Augustin L. B., Jacobson B. A., Fuchs J. A. Escherichia coli Fis and DnaA proteins bind specifically to the nrd promoter region and affect expression of an nrd-lac fusion. J Bacteriol. 1994 Jan;176(2):378–387. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.2.378-387.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Biggin M. D., Gibson T. J., Hong G. F. Buffer gradient gels and 35S label as an aid to rapid DNA sequence determination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jul;80(13):3963–3965. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.13.3963. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Birnboim H. C., Doly J. A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 24;7(6):1513–1523. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.6.1513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Blinkova A., Hervas C., Stukenberg P. T., Onrust R., O'Donnell M. E., Walker J. R. The Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme contains both products of the dnaX gene, tau and gamma, but only tau is essential. J Bacteriol. 1993 Sep;175(18):6018–6027. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.18.6018-6027.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Blinkowa A. L., Walker J. R. Programmed ribosomal frameshifting generates the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III gamma subunit from within the tau subunit reading frame. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Apr 11;18(7):1725–1729. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.7.1725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blinkowa A., Haldenwang W. G., Ramsey J. A., Henson J. M., Mullin D. A., Walker J. R. Physiological properties of cold-sensitive suppressor mutations of a temperature-sensitive dnaZ mutant of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):66–75. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.66-75.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blinkowa A., Walker J. R. Interactions of DNA replication factors in vivo as detected by introduction of suppressor alleles of dnaA into other temperature-sensitive dna mutants. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):535–538. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.535-538.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bolivar F., Rodriguez R. L., Greene P. J., Betlach M. C., Heyneker H. L., Boyer H. W., Crosa J. H., Falkow S. Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system. Gene. 1977;2(2):95–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Braun R. E., O'Day K., Wright A. Autoregulation of the DNA replication gene dnaA in E. coli K-12. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):159–169. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90319-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Burgers P. M., Kornberg A., Sakakibara Y. The dnaN gene codes for the beta subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Sep;78(9):5391–5395. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Campbell J. L., Kleckner N. E. coli oriC and the dnaA gene promoter are sequestered from dam methyltransferase following the passage of the chromosomal replication fork. Cell. 1990 Sep 7;62(5):967–979. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90271-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chang A. C., Cohen S. N. Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. J Bacteriol. 1978 Jun;134(3):1141–1156. doi: 10.1128/jb.134.3.1141-1156.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Chu H., Malone M. M., Haldenwang W. G., Walker J. R. Physiological effects of growth of an Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive dnaZ mutant at nonpermissive temperatures. J Bacteriol. 1977 Oct;132(1):151–158. doi: 10.1128/jb.132.1.151-158.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cohen S. N., Chang A. C., Hsu L. Nonchromosomal antibiotic resistance in bacteria: genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by R-factor DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Aug;69(8):2110–2114. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Engstrom J., Wong A., Maurer R. Interaction of DNA polymerase III gamma and beta subunits in vivo in Salmonella typhimurium. Genetics. 1986 Jul;113(3):499–515. doi: 10.1093/genetics/113.3.499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Filip C. C., Allen J. S., Gustafson R. A., Allen R. G., Walker J. R. Bacterial cell division regulation: characterization of the dnaH locus of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1974 Aug;119(2):443–449. doi: 10.1128/jb.119.2.443-449.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Flower A. M., McHenry C. S. The adjacent dnaZ and dnaX genes of Escherichia coli are contained within one continuous open reading frame. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Oct 24;14(20):8091–8101. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.20.8091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Flower A. M., McHenry C. S. The gamma subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli is produced by ribosomal frameshifting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 May;87(10):3713–3717. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3713. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fradkin L. G., Kornberg A. Prereplicative complexes of components of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10318–10322. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fujita M. Q., Yoshikawa H., Ogasawara N. Structure of the dnaA region of Micrococcus luteus: conservation and variations among eubacteria. Gene. 1990 Sep 1;93(1):73–78. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90138-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fuller R. S., Funnell B. E., Kornberg A. The dnaA protein complex with the E. coli chromosomal replication origin (oriC) and other DNA sites. Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):889–900. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90284-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. HOWARD-FLANDERS P., SIMSON E., THERIOT L. A LOCUS THAT CONTROLS FILAMENT FORMATION AND SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12. Genetics. 1964 Feb;49:237–246. doi: 10.1093/genetics/49.2.237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hansen E. B., Atlung T., Hansen F. G., Skovgaard O., von Meyenburg K. Fine structure genetic map and complementation analysis of mutations in the dnaA gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;196(3):387–396. doi: 10.1007/BF00436184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hansen E. B., Hansen F. G., von Meyenburg K. The nucleotide sequence of the dnaA gene and the first part of the dnaN gene of Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Nov 25;10(22):7373–7385. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.22.7373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hansen F. G., Hansen E. B., Atlung T. The nucleotide sequence of the dnaA gene promoter and of the adjacent rpmH gene, coding for the ribosomal protein L34, of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1982;1(9):1043–1048. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01294.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hansen F. G., Koefoed S., Atlung T. Cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of twelve mutant dnaA genes of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Jul;234(1):14–21. doi: 10.1007/BF00272340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hansen F. G., Koefoed S., Sørensen L., Atlung T. Titration of DnaA protein by oriC DnaA-boxes increases dnaA gene expression in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):255–258. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04747.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hansen F. G., von Meyenburg K. Characterization of the dnaA, gyrB and other genes in the dnaA region of the Escherichia coli chromosome on specialized transducing phages lambda tna. Mol Gen Genet. 1979 Sep;175(2):135–144. doi: 10.1007/BF00425529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hawker J. R., Jr, McHenry C. S. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the tau subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Use to demonstrate that tau is the product of the dnaZX gene and that both it and gamma, the dnaZ gene product, are integral components of the same enzyme assembly. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 15;262(26):12722–12727. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Henson J. M., Chu H., Irwin C. A., Walker J. R. Isolation and characterization of dnaX and dnaY temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1979 Aug;92(4):1041–1059. doi: 10.1093/genetics/92.4.1041. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hershey H. V., Taylor M. W. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and comparison with other analogous enzymes. Gene. 1986;43(3):287–293. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90218-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Horiuchi T., Maki H., Sekiguchi M. RNase H-defective mutants of Escherichia coli: a possible discriminatory role of RNase H in initiation of DNA replication. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;195(1-2):17–22. doi: 10.1007/BF00332717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kanaya S., Crouch R. J. The rnh gene is essential for growth of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(11):3447–3451. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.11.3447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kline B. C., Kogoma T., Tam J. E., Shields M. S. Requirement of the Escherichia coli dnaA gene product for plasmid F maintenance. J Bacteriol. 1986 Oct;168(1):440–443. doi: 10.1128/jb.168.1.440-443.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kodaira M., Biswas S. B., Kornberg A. The dnaX gene encodes the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme tau subunit, precursor of the gamma subunit, the dnaZ gene product. Mol Gen Genet. 1983;192(1-2):80–86. doi: 10.1007/BF00327650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kogoma T., von Meyenburg K. The origin of replication, oriC, and the dnaA protein are dispensable in stable DNA replication (sdrA) mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. EMBO J. 1983;2(3):463–468. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01445.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Koppes L., Nordström K. Insertion of an R1 plasmid into the origin of replication of the E. coli chromosome: random timing of replication of the hybrid chromosome. Cell. 1986 Jan 17;44(1):117–124. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90490-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kücherer C., Lother H., Kölling R., Schauzu M. A., Messer W. Regulation of transcription of the chromosomal dnaA gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Oct;205(1):115–121. doi: 10.1007/BF02428040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lee S. H., Walker J. R. Escherichia coli DnaX product, the tau subunit of DNA polymerase III, is a multifunctional protein with single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2713–2717. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2713. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Lindahl G., Lindahl T. Initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli: RNase H-deficient mutants do not require the dnaA function. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;196(2):283–289. doi: 10.1007/BF00328061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Lloyd R. G., Low B., Godson G. N., Birge E. A. Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant with a temperature-sensitive recA- phenotype. J Bacteriol. 1974 Oct;120(1):407–415. doi: 10.1128/jb.120.1.407-415.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Løbner-Olesen A., Skarstad K., Hansen F. G., von Meyenburg K., Boye E. The DnaA protein determines the initiation mass of Escherichia coli K-12. Cell. 1989 Jun 2;57(5):881–889. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90802-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Maloy S. R., Nunn W. D. Selection for loss of tetracycline resistance by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1981 Feb;145(2):1110–1111. doi: 10.1128/jb.145.2.1110-1111.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. McHenry C. S. Purification and characterization of DNA polymerase III'. Identification of tau as a subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem. 1982 Mar 10;257(5):2657–2663. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Miki T., Kimura M., Hiraga S., Nagata T., Yura T. Cloning and physical mapping of the dnaA region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. J Bacteriol. 1979 Dec;140(3):817–824. doi: 10.1128/jb.140.3.817-824.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mullin D. A., Woldringh C. L., Henson J. M., Walker J. R. Cloning of the Escherichia coli dnaZX region and identification of its products. Mol Gen Genet. 1983;192(1-2):73–79. doi: 10.1007/BF00327649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. O'Donnell M. E. Accessory proteins bind a primed template and mediate rapid cycling of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1987 Dec 5;262(34):16558–16565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Ohmori H., Kimura M., Nagata T., Sakakibara Y. Structural analysis of the dnaA and dnaN genes of Escherichia coli. Gene. 1984 May;28(2):159–170. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90253-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Onrust R., Stukenberg P. T., O'Donnell M. Analysis of the ATPase subassembly which initiates processive DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem. 1991 Nov 15;266(32):21681–21686. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Quiñones A., Kaasch J., Kaasch M., Messer W. Induction of dnaN and dnaQ gene expression in Escherichia coli by alkylation damage to DNA. EMBO J. 1989 Feb;8(2):587–593. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03413.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Quiñones A., Messer W. Discoordinate gene expression in the dnaA-dnaN operon of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Jul;213(1):118–124. doi: 10.1007/BF00333407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Ream L. W., Margossian L., Clark A. J., Hansen F. G., von Meyenburg K. Genetic and physical mapping of recF in Escherichia coli K-12. Mol Gen Genet. 1980;180(1):115–121. doi: 10.1007/BF00267359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sako T., Sakakibara Y. Coordinate expression of Escherichia coli dnaA and dnaN genes. Mol Gen Genet. 1980;179(3):521–526. doi: 10.1007/BF00271741. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Schaefer C., Messer W. Directionality of DnaA protein/DNA interaction. Active orientation of the DnaA protein/dnaA box complex in transcription termination. EMBO J. 1989 May;8(5):1609–1613. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03545.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Schaefer C., Messer W. DnaA protein/DNA interaction. Modulation of the recognition sequence. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Apr;226(1-2):34–40. doi: 10.1007/BF00273584. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Schaus N., O'Day K., Peters W., Wright A. Isolation and characterization of amber mutations in gene dnaA of escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1981 Feb;145(2):904–913. doi: 10.1128/jb.145.2.904-913.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Seufert W., Dobrinski B., Lurz R., Messer W. Functionality of the dnaA protein binding site in DNA replication is orientation-dependent. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 25;263(6):2719–2723. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Skarstad K., Boye E., Steen H. B. Timing of initiation of chromosome replication in individual Escherichia coli cells. EMBO J. 1986 Jul;5(7):1711–1717. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04415.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Skarstad K., Boye E. The initiator protein DnaA: evolution, properties and function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Mar 1;1217(2):111–130. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90025-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Skovgaard O., Hansen F. G. Comparison of dnaA nucleotide sequences of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Serratia marcescens. J Bacteriol. 1987 Sep;169(9):3976–3981. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.9.3976-3981.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Studwell-Vaughan P. S., O'Donnell M. Constitution of the twin polymerase of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 15;266(29):19833–19841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Stukenberg P. T., Studwell-Vaughan P. S., O'Donnell M. Mechanism of the sliding beta-clamp of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 15;266(17):11328–11334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Tesfa-Selase F., Drabble W. T. Regulation of the gua operon of Escherichia coli by the DnaA protein. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Jan;231(2):256–264. doi: 10.1007/BF00279799. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Theisen P. W., Grimwade J. E., Leonard A. C., Bogan J. A., Helmstetter C. E. Correlation of gene transcription with the time of initiation of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1993 Nov;10(3):575–584. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00929.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Tsuchihashi Z., Brown P. O. Sequence requirements for efficient translational frameshifting in the Escherichia coli dnaX gene and the role of an unstable interaction between tRNA(Lys) and an AAG lysine codon. Genes Dev. 1992 Mar;6(3):511–519. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.3.511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Tsuchihashi Z., Kornberg A. ATP interactions of the tau and gamma subunits of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):17790–17795. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Tsuchihashi Z., Kornberg A. Translational frameshifting generates the gamma subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(7):2516–2520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Vieira J., Messing J. The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene. 1982 Oct;19(3):259–268. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90015-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Walker J. R., Ramsey J. A., Haldenwang W. G. Interaction of the Escherichia coli dnaA initiation protein with the dnaZ polymerization protein in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 May;79(10):3340–3344. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3340. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Wang Q. P., Kaguni J. M. Transcriptional repression of the dnaA gene of Escherichia coli by dnaA protein. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Oct;209(3):518–525. doi: 10.1007/BF00331158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Wang Q. P., Kaguni J. M. dnaA protein regulates transcriptions of the rpoH gene of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7338–7344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Wechsler J. A., Gross J. D. Escherichia coli mutants temperature-sensitive for DNA synthesis. Mol Gen Genet. 1971;113(3):273–284. doi: 10.1007/BF00339547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Wende M., Quinones A., Diederich L., Jueterbock W. R., Messer W. Transcription termination in the dnaA gene. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Dec;230(3):486–490. doi: 10.1007/BF00280306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Wickner S., Hurwitz J. Involvement of escherichia coli dnaZ gene product in DNA elongation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Apr;73(4):1053–1057. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1053. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Yamagishi J., Yoshida H., Yamayoshi M., Nakamura S. Nalidixic acid-resistant mutations of the gyrB gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Sep;204(3):367–373. doi: 10.1007/BF00331012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Yanisch-Perron C., Vieira J., Messing J. Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors. Gene. 1985;33(1):103–119. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Yin K. C., Blinkowa A., Walker J. R. Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli replication gene dnaZX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Aug 26;14(16):6541–6549. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.16.6541. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Bacteriology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES