Skip to main content
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases logoLink to Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
. 1999 Nov;58(Suppl 1):I107–I113. doi: 10.1136/ard.58.2008.i107

Immunomodulation by thalidomide and thalidomide analogues

L Corral, G Kaplan
PMCID: PMC1766578  PMID: 10577986

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (96.6 KB).

Figure 1  .

Figure 1  

Chemical structures of thalidomide and selected thalidomide analogues.

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bachelerie F., Alcami J., Arenzana-Seisdedos F., Virelizier J. L. HIV enhancer activity perpetuated by NF-kappa B induction on infection of monocytes. Nature. 1991 Apr 25;350(6320):709–712. doi: 10.1038/350709a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baert F. J., D'Haens G. R., Peeters M., Hiele M. I., Schaible T. F., Shealy D., Geboes K., Rutgeerts P. J. Tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody (infliximab) therapy profoundly down-regulates the inflammation in Crohn's ileocolitis. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jan;116(1):22–28. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70224-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bauer K. S., Dixon S. C., Figg W. D. Inhibition of angiogenesis by thalidomide requires metabolic activation, which is species-dependent. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Jun 1;55(11):1827–1834. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00046-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Belyakov I. M., Ahlers J. D., Brandwein B. Y., Earl P., Kelsall B. L., Moss B., Strober W., Berzofsky J. A. The importance of local mucosal HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes for resistance to mucosal viral transmission in mice and enhancement of resistance by local administration of IL-12. J Clin Invest. 1998 Dec 15;102(12):2072–2081. doi: 10.1172/JCI5102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Berenson J. R., Bergsagel P. L., Munshi N. Initiation and maintenance of multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol. 1999 Jan;36(1 Suppl 3):9–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brunda M. J., Luistro L., Warrier R. R., Wright R. B., Hubbard B. R., Murphy M., Wolf S. F., Gately M. K. Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors. J Exp Med. 1993 Oct 1;178(4):1223–1230. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1223. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Buhlmann J. E., Gonzalez M., Ginther B., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., Blazar B. R., Greiner D. L., Rossini A. A., Flavell R., Noelle R. J. Cutting edge: sustained expansion of CD8+ T cells requires CD154 expression by Th cells in acute graft versus host disease. J Immunol. 1999 Apr 15;162(8):4373–4376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Carpenter D. O., Briggs D. B., Knox A. P., Strominger N. Excitation of area postrema neurons by transmitters, peptides, and cyclic nucleotides. J Neurophysiol. 1988 Feb;59(2):358–369. doi: 10.1152/jn.1988.59.2.358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Castilla E. E., Ashton-Prolla P., Barreda-Mejia E., Brunoni D., Cavalcanti D. P., Correa-Neto J., Delgadillo J. L., Dutra M. G., Felix T., Giraldo A. Thalidomide, a current teratogen in South America. Teratology. 1996 Dec;54(6):273–277. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199612)54:6<273::AID-TERA1>3.0.CO;2-#. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cavanagh L. L., Barnetson R. S., Basten A., Halliday G. M. Dendritic epidermal T-cell involvement in induction of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against an ultraviolet radiation-induced skin tumor. Int J Cancer. 1997 Jan 6;70(1):98–105. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970106)70:1<98::aid-ijc15>3.0.co;2-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chao N. J., Parker P. M., Niland J. C., Wong R. M., Dagis A., Long G. D., Nademanee A. P., Negrin R. S., Snyder D. S., Hu W. W. Paradoxical effect of thalidomide prophylaxis on chronic graft-vs.-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 1996 May;2(2):86–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chehimi J., Starr S. E., Frank I., D'Andrea A., Ma X., MacGregor R. R., Sennelier J., Trinchieri G. Impaired interleukin 12 production in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1361–1366. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chirmule N., McCloskey T. W., Hu R., Kalyanaraman V. S., Pahwa S. HIV gp120 inhibits T cell activation by interfering with expression of costimulatory molecules CD40 ligand and CD80 (B71). J Immunol. 1995 Jul 15;155(2):917–924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chougnet C., Thomas E., Landay A. L., Kessler H. A., Buchbinder S., Scheer S., Shearer G. M. CD40 ligand and IFN-gamma synergistically restore IL-12 production in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Immunol. 1998 Feb;28(2):646–656. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199802)28:02<646::AID-IMMU646>3.0.CO;2-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Clerici M., Lucey D. R., Berzofsky J. A., Pinto L. A., Wynn T. A., Blatt S. P., Dolan M. J., Hendrix C. W., Wolf S. F., Shearer G. M. Restoration of HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses by interleukin-12 in vitro. Science. 1993 Dec 10;262(5140):1721–1724. doi: 10.1126/science.7903123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Corral L. G., Haslett P. A., Muller G. W., Chen R., Wong L. M., Ocampo C. J., Patterson R. T., Stirling D. I., Kaplan G. Differential cytokine modulation and T cell activation by two distinct classes of thalidomide analogues that are potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha. J Immunol. 1999 Jul 1;163(1):380–386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Corral L. G., Muller G. W., Moreira A. L., Chen Y., Wu M., Stirling D., Kaplan G. Selection of novel analogs of thalidomide with enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitory activity. Mol Med. 1996 Jul;2(4):506–515. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Coughlin C. M., Salhany K. E., Wysocka M., Aruga E., Kurzawa H., Chang A. E., Hunter C. A., Fox J. C., Trinchieri G., Lee W. M. Interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 synergistically induce murine tumor regression which involves inhibition of angiogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 15;101(6):1441–1452. doi: 10.1172/JCI1555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. D'Amato R. J., Loughnan M. S., Flynn E., Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 26;91(9):4082–4085. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.9.4082. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DeKruyff R. H., Gieni R. S., Umetsu D. T. Antigen-driven but not lipopolysaccharide-driven IL-12 production in macrophages requires triggering of CD40. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 1;158(1):359–366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Elkon K. B., Liu C. C., Gall J. G., Trevejo J., Marino M. W., Abrahamsen K. A., Song X., Zhou J. L., Old L. J., Crystal R. G. Tumor necrosis factor alpha plays a central role in immune-mediated clearance of adenoviral vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Sep 2;94(18):9814–9819. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ferbas J. Perspectives on the role of CD8+ cell suppressor factors and cytotoxic T lymphocytes during HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 Jun;14 (Suppl 2):S153–S160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Flynn J. L., Goldstein M. M., Chan J., Triebold K. J., Pfeffer K., Lowenstein C. J., Schreiber R., Mak T. W., Bloom B. R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is required in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Immunity. 1995 Jun;2(6):561–572. doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90001-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gantner F., Küsters S., Wendel A., Hatzelmann A., Schudt C., Tiegs G. Protection from T cell-mediated murine liver failure by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jan;280(1):53–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gollob J. A., Schnipper C. P., Orsini E., Murphy E., Daley J. F., Lazo S. B., Frank D. A., Neuberg D., Ritz J. Characterization of a novel subset of CD8(+) T cells that expands in patients receiving interleukin-12. J Clin Invest. 1998 Aug 1;102(3):561–575. doi: 10.1172/JCI3861. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Günzler V. Thalidomide in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. A review of safety considerations. Drug Saf. 1992 Mar-Apr;7(2):116–134. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199207020-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hamuryudan V., Mat C., Saip S., Ozyazgan Y., Siva A., Yurdakul S., Zwingenberger K., Yazici H. Thalidomide in the treatment of the mucocutaneous lesions of the Behçet syndrome. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Mar 15;128(6):443–450. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hanifin J. M., Chan S. C., Cheng J. B., Tofte S. J., Henderson W. R., Jr, Kirby D. S., Weiner E. S. Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors have clinical and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 1996 Jul;107(1):51–56. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12297888. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Harbinson P. L., MacLeod D., Hawksworth R., O'Toole S., Sullivan P. J., Heath P., Kilfeather S., Page C. P., Costello J., Holgate S. T. The effect of a novel orally active selective PDE4 isoenzyme inhibitor (CDP840) on allergen-induced responses in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J. 1997 May;10(5):1008–1014. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10051008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Haslett P. A., Corral L. G., Albert M., Kaplan G. Thalidomide costimulates primary human T lymphocytes, preferentially inducing proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic responses in the CD8+ subset. J Exp Med. 1998 Jun 1;187(11):1885–1892. doi: 10.1084/jem.187.11.1885. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Haslett P. A., Klausner J. D., Makonkawkeyoon S., Moreira A., Metatratip P., Boyle B., Kunachiwa W., Maneekarn N., Vongchan P., Corral L. G. Thalidomide stimulates T cell responses and interleukin 12 production in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999 Sep 1;15(13):1169–1179. doi: 10.1089/088922299310269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hawkey C. J., Stack W. A. Chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 29;338(5):333–334. doi: 10.1056/nejm199801293380514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hollenbaugh D., Ochs H. D., Noelle R. J., Ledbetter J. A., Aruffo A. The role of CD40 and its ligand in the regulation of the immune response. Immunol Rev. 1994 Apr;138:23–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00845.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jacobson J. M., Greenspan J. S., Spritzler J., Ketter N., Fahey J. L., Jackson J. B., Fox L., Chernoff M., Wu A. W., MacPhail L. A. Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 May 22;336(21):1487–1493. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199705223362103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Joseph I. B., Isaacs J. T. Macrophage role in the anti-prostate cancer response to one class of antiangiogenic agents. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Nov 4;90(21):1648–1653. doi: 10.1093/jnci/90.21.1648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kenyon B. M., Browne F., D'Amato R. J. Effects of thalidomide and related metabolites in a mouse corneal model of neovascularization. Exp Eye Res. 1997 Jun;64(6):971–978. doi: 10.1006/exer.1997.0292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kindler V., Sappino A. P., Grau G. E., Piguet P. F., Vassalli P. The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection. Cell. 1989 Mar 10;56(5):731–740. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90676-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Klausner J. D., Makonkawkeyoon S., Akarasewi P., Nakata K., Kasinrerk W., Corral L., Dewar R. L., Lane H. C., Freedman V. H., Kaplan G. The effect of thalidomide on the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and M. tuberculosis infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 Mar 1;11(3):247–257. doi: 10.1097/00042560-199603010-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Maini R. N., Elliott M. J., Brennan F. M., Feldmann M. Beneficial effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockade in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Aug;101(2):207–212. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08340.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Marriott J. B., Westby M., Cookson S., Guckian M., Goodbourn S., Muller G., Shire M. G., Stirling D., Dalgleish A. G. CC-3052: a water-soluble analog of thalidomide and potent inhibitor of activation-induced TNF-alpha production. J Immunol. 1998 Oct 15;161(8):4236–4243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mayer L., Eisenhardt D. Lack of induction of suppressor T cells by intestinal epithelial cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest. 1990 Oct;86(4):1255–1260. doi: 10.1172/JCI114832. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Moller D. R., Wysocka M., Greenlee B. M., Ma X., Wahl L., Flockhart D. A., Trinchieri G., Karp C. L. Inhibition of IL-12 production by thalidomide. J Immunol. 1997 Nov 15;159(10):5157–5161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Moreira A. L., Corral L. G., Ye W., Johnson B., Stirling D., Muller G. W., Freedman V. H., Kaplan G. Thalidomide and thalidomide analogs reduce HIV type 1 replication in human macrophages in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997 Jul 1;13(10):857–863. doi: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Moreira A. L., Sampaio E. P., Zmuidzinas A., Frindt P., Smith K. A., Kaplan G. Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation. J Exp Med. 1993 Jun 1;177(6):1675–1680. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.6.1675. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Moreira A. L., Wang J., Sarno E. N., Kaplan G. Thalidomide protects mice against LPS-induced shock. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1997 Oct;30(10):1199–1207. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x1997001000010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mueller D. L., Jenkins M. K., Schwartz R. H. Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:445–480. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.002305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Muller G. W., Chen R., Huang S. Y., Corral L. G., Wong L. M., Patterson R. T., Chen Y., Kaplan G., Stirling D. I. Amino-substituted thalidomide analogs: potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Jun 7;9(11):1625–1630. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00250-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Muller G. W., Corral L. G., Shire M. G., Wang H., Moreira A., Kaplan G., Stirling D. I. Structural modifications of thalidomide produce analogs with enhanced tumor necrosis factor inhibitory activity. J Med Chem. 1996 Aug 16;39(17):3238–3240. doi: 10.1021/jm9603328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Muller G. W., Shire M. G., Wong L. M., Corral L. G., Patterson R. T., Chen Y., Stirling D. I. Thalidomide analogs and PDE4 inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Oct 6;8(19):2669–2674. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00475-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Müller J. M., Ziegler-Heitbrock H. W., Baeuerle P. A. Nuclear factor kappa B, a mediator of lipopolysaccharide effects. Immunobiology. 1993 Apr;187(3-5):233–256. doi: 10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80342-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Nakajima A., Kodama T., Morimoto S., Azuma M., Takeda K., Oshima H., Yoshino S., Yagita H., Okumura K. Antitumor effect of CD40 ligand: elicitation of local and systemic antitumor responses by IL-12 and B7. J Immunol. 1998 Aug 15;161(4):1901–1907. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Nashleanas M., Kanaly S., Scott P. Control of Leishmania major infection in mice lacking TNF receptors. J Immunol. 1998 Jun 1;160(11):5506–5513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. O'Brien D. P., Briles D. E., Szalai A. J., Tu A. H., Sanz I., Nahm M. H. Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor I is important for survival from Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Infect Immun. 1999 Feb;67(2):595–601. doi: 10.1128/iai.67.2.595-601.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Odeka E. B., Miller V. Thalidomide in oral Crohn's disease refractory to conventional medical treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997 Aug;25(2):250–251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Posavad C. M., Koelle D. M., Corey L. High frequency of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors specific for herpes simplex viruses in persons with genital herpes. J Virol. 1996 Nov;70(11):8165–8168. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.8165-8168.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ranheim E. A., Kipps T. J. Activated T cells induce expression of B7/BB1 on normal or leukemic B cells through a CD40-dependent signal. J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):925–935. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.4.925. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Sampaio E. P., Kaplan G., Miranda A., Nery J. A., Miguel C. P., Viana S. M., Sarno E. N. The influence of thalidomide on the clinical and immunologic manifestation of erythema nodosum leprosum. J Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;168(2):408–414. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.2.408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sampaio E. P., Sarno E. N., Galilly R., Cohn Z. A., Kaplan G. Thalidomide selectively inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production by stimulated human monocytes. J Exp Med. 1991 Mar 1;173(3):699–703. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.3.699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Schuler U., Ehninger G. Thalidomide: rationale for renewed use in immunological disorders. Drug Saf. 1995 Jun;12(6):364–369. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199512060-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sekut L., Yarnall D., Stimpson S. A., Noel L. S., Bateman-Fite R., Clark R. L., Brackeen M. F., Menius J. A., Jr, Connolly K. M. Anti-inflammatory activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE)-IV inhibitors in acute and chronic models of inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Apr;100(1):126–132. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03613.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Stack W. A., Mann S. D., Roy A. J., Heath P., Sopwith M., Freeman J., Holmes G., Long R., Forbes A., Kamm M. A. Randomised controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha in Crohn's disease. Lancet. 1997 Feb 22;349(9051):521–524. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)80083-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Takenaka H., Maruo S., Yamamoto N., Wysocka M., Ono S., Kobayashi M., Yagita H., Okumura K., Hamaoka T., Trinchieri G. Regulation of T cell-dependent and -independent IL-12 production by the three Th2-type cytokines IL-10, IL-6, and IL-4. J Leukoc Biol. 1997 Jan;61(1):80–87. doi: 10.1002/jlb.61.1.80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Tamir A., Granot Y., Isakov N. Inhibition of T lymphocyte activation by cAMP is associated with down-regulation of two parallel mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, the extracellular signal-related kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Immunol. 1996 Aug 15;157(4):1514–1522. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Torphy T. J. Phosphodiesterase isozymes: molecular targets for novel antiasthma agents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Feb;157(2):351–370. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.9708012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Tracey K. J., Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor and regulation of metabolism in infection: role of systemic versus tissue levels. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1992 Jun;200(2):233–239. doi: 10.3181/00379727-200-43426. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Tramontana J. M., Utaipat U., Molloy A., Akarasewi P., Burroughs M., Makonkawkeyoon S., Johnson B., Klausner J. D., Rom W., Kaplan G. Thalidomide treatment reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha production and enhances weight gain in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol Med. 1995 May;1(4):384–397. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Tseng S., Pak G., Washenik K., Pomeranz M. K., Shupack J. L. Rediscovering thalidomide: a review of its mechanism of action, side effects, and potential uses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996 Dec;35(6):969–979. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90122-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Tsenova L., Sokol K., Freedman V. H., Kaplan G. A combination of thalidomide plus antibiotics protects rabbits from mycobacterial meningitis-associated death. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jun;177(6):1563–1572. doi: 10.1086/515327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Verghese M. W., McConnell R. T., Lenhard J. M., Hamacher L., Jin S. L. Regulation of distinct cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase type 4) isozymes in human monocytic cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Jun;47(6):1164–1171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Verghese M. W., McConnell R. T., Strickland A. B., Gooding R. C., Stimpson S. A., Yarnall D. P., Taylor J. D., Furdon P. J. Differential regulation of human monocyte-derived TNF alpha and IL-1 beta by type IV cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Mar;272(3):1313–1320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Vogelsang G. B., Farmer E. R., Hess A. D., Altamonte V., Beschorner W. E., Jabs D. A., Corio R. L., Levin L. S., Colvin O. M., Wingard J. R. Thalidomide for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 1992 Apr 16;326(16):1055–1058. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199204163261604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Waage A., Steinshamn S. Cytokine mediators of septic infections in the normal and granulocytopenic host. Eur J Haematol. 1993 May;50(5):243–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1993.tb00156.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Waters M. F., Laing A. B., Ambikapathy A., Lennard-Jones J. E. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with thalidomide. Br Med J. 1979 Mar 24;1(6166):792–792. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6166.792. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Wettstein A. R., Meagher A. P. Thalidomide in Crohn's disease. Lancet. 1997 Nov 15;350(9089):1445–1446. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)64206-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Wilson C. C., Olson W. C., Tuting T., Rinaldo C. R., Lotze M. T., Storkus W. J. HIV-1-specific CTL responses primed in vitro by blood-derived dendritic cells and Th1-biasing cytokines. J Immunol. 1999 Mar 1;162(5):3070–3078. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Wolkenstein P., Latarjet J., Roujeau J. C., Duguet C., Boudeau S., Vaillant L., Maignan M., Schuhmacher M. H., Milpied B., Pilorget A. Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet. 1998 Nov 14;352(9140):1586–1589. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02197-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES