Cycle exercise causes a lower ventilatory response to exercise in chronic heart failure

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) complain of breathlessness and fatigue. Their exercise limitation can be assessed by incremental exercise testing with metabolic gas exchange to derive peak oxygen consumption (pV̇o₂). The slope of the relation between ventilation (V̇e) and carbon dioxide production (V̇co₂), V̇e/V̇co₂ can characterise the ventilatory response to exercise. CHF patients have a reduced pV̇o₂ and an increased V̇e/V̇co₂ slope.¹ Thus, for a given V̇co₂, the ventilatory response is greater. These two measures are inversely related in patients, but not controls, and both are related to prognosis.

The form of exercise undertaken, stationary cycle or treadmill, varies between exercise laboratories. Treadmill based protocols achieve higher values of pV̇o₂ and anaerobic threshold than those using a cycle. The effects of the different exercise modes on the V̇e/V̇co₂ slope and the symptoms of breathlessness are unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of cycle and treadmill exercise on ventilation and symptoms.

METHODS

Eleven patients with CHF and 11 age matched controls were studied. The patients all had New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II symptoms, an ejection fraction < 40% on echocardiography, and all had been stable for the preceding three months on optimal doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and β blockers. Patients with other conditions restricting exercise testing were excluded. The controls were individuals of a similar age chosen at random from the lists of local general practitioners. They all had normal systolic and diastolic left ventricular function.

After an initial familiarisation test, each subject was randomised to undergo either a treadmill or cycle peak exercise test and to return at one week for a second test using the other exercise mode. For the treadmill test we used the Bruce protocol modified by the addition of a “stage 0” at onset consisting of three minutes of exercise at 1.61 km/hour (1 mile/hour) with a 5% gradient. For the cycle test (Rehcor, Cardiokinetics, Salford, UK) the load was increased by 25 W every three minutes after an initial unloaded stage until the subject was exhausted.

During each test, expired air was collected continuously and metabolic gas exchange analysis performed (Oxycon system, Jaeger, Würtzburg, Germany). Subjects were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion and a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (V̇co₂/V̇o₂) > 1 was taken to suggest a maximal effort. For each test we plotted the relation of V̇e against V̇co₂, to determine V̇e/V̇co₂ slope.

During each test the subjects were asked to score their symptoms of breathlessness or fatigue between 0 and 10 (0 being no symptoms and 10 being maximal) on a standard scale of perceived exertion (Borg score) at the end of each stage during the test. We plotted Borg score against V̇e at the end of each stage to obtain a slope for the relation between symptoms and ventilation (Borg/V̇e slope).²

Results are reported as mean (SD). Between the visits, no subject had a change of medication, or underwent any formal exercise training. For within group analyses we used Student’s paired t test, and to display the differences for variables between the two exercise modalities we used the Bland-Altman analysis (the difference between two variables plotted against their average). Analysis of staged data only included subjects who completed the stage. The reason given by the subjects for discontinuing exercise was compared between the two tests by a χ² test.

RESULTS

The patients and controls had similar mean height, weight, and age. Patients had lower pV̇o₂, and a steeper V̇e/V̇co₂ slope than controls (table 1). The slope relating heart rate to oxygen consumption was less steep in the patients when they exercised on the cycle ergometer. Both groups reached significantly lower pV̇o₂ on the cycle than on the treadmill, despite the peak RER being the same. The reduction in pV̇o₂ on the cycle was 16.2% (8.1) in the patients and 18.6% (10.2) in the controls. The difference in reductions between the two groups was significant (p < 0.05). The V̇e/V̇co₂ slope and pV̇o₂ from the two methods correlated (r  =  0.87, p < 0.0001, and r  =  0.94, p < 0.0001), but Bland-Altman plots confirmed that in patients the treadmill gave consistently higher readings for pV̇o₂ and V̇e/V̇co₂ slope than the cycle ergometer. Although the control subjects achieved a higher pV̇o₂ on the treadmill, unlike the patients, their V̇e/V̇co₂ slope was not significantly greater during treadmill exercise.

Table 1.

 Peak exercise variables comparing results from treadmill and cycle

	Group	Treadmill	Cycle	p Value
pV̇o2 (ml/kg/min)	Patient	21.1 (5.5)	18.2 (3.6)	0.0012
	Control	45.9 (13.2)*	36.0 (9.5)*	0.003
AT (ml/kg/min)	Patient	15.7 (5.2)	11.9 (2.3)	0.01
	Control	26.5 (9.7)*	27.1 (10.0)*	0.47
V̇e/V̇co2 slope	Patient	35.3 (8.7)	32.0 (7.5)	0.0012
	Control	28.2 (5.8)†	26.8 (2.1)†	0.792
Sub V̇e/V̇co2 slope	Patient	34.0 (7.7)	30.7 (6.9)	0.011
	Control	25.3 (4.5)†	25.9 (5.0)†	0.69
HR/V̇o2 slope	Patient	1.68 (0.23)	1.50 (0.24)	0.024
	Control	1.86 (0.13)†	1.71 (0.31)†	0.068
Peak V̇e (l/min)	Patient	70.7 (15.9)	54.7 (11.9)	0.0045
	Control	109.0 (23.7)*	97.3 (32.1)*	0.1125
RER	Patient	1.05 (0.07)	1.03 (0.06)	0.64
	Control	1.03 (0.05)‡	1.03 (0.11)‡	0.80
Borg/V̇e slope	Patient	0.16 (0.05)	0.18 (0.06)	0.46
	Control	0.09 (0.03)§	0.11 (0.04)§	0.32

Data are expressed as mean (SD).

*<0.0005; †<0.05; ‡not significant; §<0.005; AT, anaerobic threshold; HR/V̇o₂ slope, slope relating heart rate to oxygen consumption during exercise; Peak V̇e, minute expired ventilation at peak.

Patients were more symptomatic for a given ventilation (Borg/V̇e slope) than controls throughout both the cycle and treadmill exercise. There was no difference in the Borg/V̇e slopes between the two exercise modalities. Cycle based exercise led to patients and controls stopping exercise more frequently because of fatigue rather than breathlessness (15 v 7 for cycle and 10 v 12 for treadmill, p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION

This study demonstrates that the V̇e/V̇co₂ slope is less steep when patients exercise on a cycle ergometer than when they exercise on a treadmill and that this difference exists throughout exercise. This has not been described before. Peak oxygen consumption is known to be lower during cycle exercise. The difference is because subjects carry their own weight during walking.

Both pV̇o₂ and V̇e/V̇co₂ slope are independent markers of prognosis and are indirectly related to each other, with lower pV̇o₂ and a greater ventilatory response to exercise conveying a worse prognosis. The inverse relation between these two variables is not significantly influenced by the mode of exercise.

The V̇e/V̇co₂ slope is influenced by a combination of chemoreceptors,³ and muscle receptors (ergoreceptors).⁴ The increased V̇e/V̇co₂ relationship in CHF is often assumed to be caused by an increase in dead space ventilation, but exercise in the present study was performed in a similar upright position. It is difficult to conclude therefore that dead space can account for changes in the V̇e/V̇co₂ slope in this circumstance. Arm exercise leads to a greater ventilatory response than leg exercise at the same workload.⁵ We hypothesise that during treadmill exercise weight bearing causes greater ergoreflex activation leading to a greater V̇e for a given V̇co₂ than when weight is supported.

The Borg/V̇e slope was the same on the cycle as on the treadmill, suggesting that it might be a measure of symptoms in CHF patients independent of exercise mode. Greater numbers of subjects ceased exercise for leg fatigue than breathlessness on the cycle than on the treadmill, but for a given pV̇o₂ the rating of perceived exertion was the same on the treadmill and cycle.

Patients with CHF might have impaired inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. We hypothesised that the seated position might require greater diaphragmatic effort during exercise because of the increased pressure of abdominal contents. However, subjects complained more frequently of fatigue than breathlessness on the cycle, and the Borg/V̇e slope was the same suggesting that the seated position of cycle based exercise does not increase the sensation of the work of breathing.

We conclude that cycle based exercise protocols lead to lower pV̇o₂ and V̇e/V̇co₂ slope results and that weight bearing leads to a greater ventilatory response during exercise.

Abbreviations

• CHF, chronic heart failure

• V̇co₂, carbon dioxide production

• pV̇o₂, peak oxygen consumption

• RER, respiratory exchange ratio

• V̇e, ventilation