Etanercept (Enbrel) is a fusion protein of the extracellular ligand binding portion of the human tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor p75 and the Fc portion of human IgG1. This agent inhibits the action of both TNFα and TNFγ (important pro-inflammatory cytokines). It is being increasingly used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis with a good outcome in both open label and randomised controlled trials.1–3 Potentially serious but uncommon adverse effects of sepsis, reactivation of tuberculosis, worsening of congestive cardiac failure, exacerbation of multiple sclerosis, and reports of less serious skin reactions, lymphoma, autoantibodies have been published.4 Isolated case reports of the development of rheumatoid nodules and leucocytoclastic vasculitis with etanercept also exist.5,6 We report a case of uveitis following etanercept treatment for ankylosing spondylitis.
Case report
A 44 year old HLA B27+ve woman taking methotrexate (15 mg weekly) and phenylbutazone for resistant ankylosing spondylitis of 23 years’ duration developed worsening of arthritic symptoms. She had never suffered from uveitis in the past. She was started on a 6 month trial of Enbrel (Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA) 25 mg subcutaneous injections twice a week. Three weeks later she presented with anterior non-granulomatous uveitis in the right eye, which settled in about 8 weeks with intensive topical steroids. Her arthritic symptoms showed a very good response to Enbrel. A severe flare up of joint disease 8 weeks after stopping the treatment necessitated restarting Enbrel. Three weeks later she presented with severe bilateral anterior non-granulomatous uveitis. Oral prednisolone was needed to control the uveitis. Enbrel was stopped and the uveitis resolved. A complicated cataract developed a few months later and was successfully treated with IOL implantation. Cystoid macular oedema in the operated eye has left her with a vision of 6/18.
Comment
The close temporal association of the start of Enbrel treatment and the onset of uveitis and “challenge-rechallenge” scenario observed in this patient’s uveitis suggests that Enbrel provoked anterior uveitis in this patient. Exacerbation of endotoxin induced uveitis with systemic antitumour necrosis factor antibody treatment has been demonstrated in rats.7 In a study of the efficacy of etanercept for treatment resistant juvenile idiopathic arthritic uveitis in 14 children, the uveitis got worse in one child.8 Smith et al in a retrospective analysis reported three cases of bilateral scleritis and one case of uveitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and one case of uveitis in a patient with psoriatic spondyloarthropathy after the initiation of etanercept therapy. Interestingly, the articular symptoms improved in all of these five patients.9
Peripheral TNFα blockade by these drugs leading to an increase the population of autoreactive T cells that may be myelin specific is the proposed mechanism of exacerbation of multiple sclerosis in some patients.10 A similar pathogenesis may explain the uveitis noted here. Recent research demonstrates unique cell adhesion molecules and cytokine profiles in autoimmune inflammation occurring in different sites in the body.11
This case report aims to create an awareness of the possibility of exacerbation of uveitis and may warrant us to specifically look out for uveitis in patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy.
References
- 1.Braun J, Sieper J, et al. Anti-TNFα therapy for ankylosing spondylitis: international experience. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(Suppl):51–60. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, et al. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:478–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1349–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Fleischmann R, Iqbal I, Nandeshwar P, et al. Safety and efficacy of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents: focus on the benefits and risks of etanercept. Drug Safety 2002;25:173–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Kekow J, Welte T, Kellner U, et al. Development of rheumatoid nodules during anti-TNFα therapy with etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:843–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Galaria NA, Werth VP, Schumacher HR. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis due to etanercept. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2041–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.De Vos AF, Van Haren MAC, Verhagen C, et al. Systemic anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody treatment exacerbates endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat. Exp Eye Res 1995;61:667–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Reiff A, Takei S, Sadeghi S, et al. Etanercept therapy in children with treatment-resistant uveitis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:1411–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Smith JR, Levinson RD, Holland GN, et al. Differential efficacy of tumour necrosis factor inhibition in the management of inflammatory eye disease and associated rheumatic disease. Arthritis Care Res 2001;45:252–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Cope A, Ettinger R, et al. The role of TNFα and related cytokines in the development and function of the autoreactive T-cell repertoire. Res Immunol 1997;148:307–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Von Andrian UH, Mackay CR. T-cell function and migration: two sides of the same coin. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1020–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]