Abstract
The pheromone-responding conjugative bacteriocin plasmid pPD1 (59 kb) of Enterococcus faecalis was mapped physically by using a relational clone approach, and transposon analysis with Tn917 (Emr) or Tn916 (Tcr) facilitated the location of the bacteriocin-related genes in a segment of about 6.7 kb. Tn917 insertions within a 3-kb region resulted in constitutive clumping. The nucleotide sequence of the region that included the insertions giving rise to constitutive clumping was determined. The region of pPD1 spanned about 8 kb and was found to contain a number of open reading frames, some of which were named on the basis of homologies with two other pheromone-responding plasmids, pAD1 and pCF10. The genes were arranged in the sequence repB-repA-traC-traB-traA-ipd-traE-traF- orfY-sea-1 with all but repB and traA oriented in the same (left-to-right) direction. traC and traB corresponded, respectively, to traC and traB of pAD1 and to prgY and prgZ of pCF10.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (507.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- An F. Y., Clewell D. B. Characterization of the determinant (traB) encoding sex pheromone shutdown by the hemolysin/bacteriocin plasmid pAD1 in Enterococcus faecalis. Plasmid. 1994 Mar;31(2):215–221. doi: 10.1006/plas.1994.1023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BROCK T. D., DAVIE J. M. PROBABLE IDENTITY OF A GROUP D HEMOLYSIN WITH A BACTERIOCINE. J Bacteriol. 1963 Oct;86:708–712. doi: 10.1128/jb.86.4.708-712.1963. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BROCK T. D., PEACHER B., PIERSON D. SURVEY OF THE BACTERIOCINES OF ENTEROCOCCI. J Bacteriol. 1963 Oct;86:702–707. doi: 10.1128/jb.86.4.702-707.1963. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chung J. W., Dunny G. M. Cis-acting, orientation-dependent, positive control system activates pheromone-inducible conjugation functions at distances greater than 10 kilobases upstream from its target in Enterococcus faecalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):9020–9024. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.19.9020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B. Bacterial sex pheromone-induced plasmid transfer. Cell. 1993 Apr 9;73(1):9–12. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90153-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B., Brown B. L. Sex pheromone cAD1 in Streptococcus faecalis: induction of a function related to plasmid transfer. J Bacteriol. 1980 Aug;143(2):1063–1065. doi: 10.1128/jb.143.2.1063-1065.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B. Plasmids, drug resistance, and gene transfer in the genus Streptococcus. Microbiol Rev. 1981 Sep;45(3):409–436. doi: 10.1128/mr.45.3.409-436.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B., Pontius L. T., An F. Y., Ike Y., Suzuki A., Nakayama J. Nucleotide sequence of the sex pheromone inhibitor (iAD1) determinant of Enterococcus faecalis conjugative plasmid pAD1. Plasmid. 1990 Sep;24(2):156–161. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(90)90019-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B., Tomich P. K., Gawron-Burke M. C., Franke A. E., Yagi Y., An F. Y. Mapping of Streptococcus faecalis plasmids pAD1 and pAD2 and studies relating to transposition of Tn917. J Bacteriol. 1982 Dec;152(3):1220–1230. doi: 10.1128/jb.152.3.1220-1230.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B., Weaver K. E. Sex pheromones and plasmid transfer in Enterococcus faecalis. Plasmid. 1989 May;21(3):175–184. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(89)90041-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Colmar I., Horaud T. Enterococcus faecalis hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmids belong to the same incompatibility group. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Mar;53(3):567–570. doi: 10.1128/aem.53.3.567-570.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dunny G. M., Brown B. L., Clewell D. B. Induced cell aggregation and mating in Streptococcus faecalis: evidence for a bacterial sex pheromone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jul;75(7):3479–3483. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3479. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dunny G. M., Craig R. A., Carron R. L., Clewell D. B. Plasmid transfer in Streptococcus faecalis: production of multiple sex pheromones by recipients. Plasmid. 1979 Jul;2(3):454–465. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90029-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dunny G. M., Leonard B. A., Hedberg P. J. Pheromone-inducible conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis: interbacterial and host-parasite chemical communication. J Bacteriol. 1995 Feb;177(4):871–876. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.4.871-876.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ehrenfeld E. E., Clewell D. B. Transfer functions of the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1: organization of plasmid DNA encoding response to sex pheromone. J Bacteriol. 1987 Aug;169(8):3473–3481. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.8.3473-3481.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ehrenfeld E. E., Kessler R. E., Clewell D. B. Identification of pheromone-induced surface proteins in Streptococcus faecalis and evidence of a role for lipoteichoic acid in formation of mating aggregates. J Bacteriol. 1986 Oct;168(1):6–12. doi: 10.1128/jb.168.1.6-12.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franke A. E., Clewell D. B. Evidence for a chromosome-borne resistance transposon (Tn916) in Streptococcus faecalis that is capable of "conjugal" transfer in the absence of a conjugative plasmid. J Bacteriol. 1981 Jan;145(1):494–502. doi: 10.1128/jb.145.1.494-502.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fujimoto S., Hashimoto H., Ike Y. Low cost device for electrotransformation and its application to the highly efficient transformation of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Plasmid. 1991 Sep;26(2):131–135. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(91)90053-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Galli D., Friesenegger A., Wirth R. Transcriptional control of sex-pheromone-inducible genes on plasmid pAD1 of Enterococcus faecalis and sequence analysis of a third structural gene for (pPD1-encoded) aggregation substance. Mol Microbiol. 1992 May;6(10):1297–1308. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00851.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Galli D., Lottspeich F., Wirth R. Sequence analysis of Enterococcus faecalis aggregation substance encoded by the sex pheromone plasmid pAD1. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Jun;4(6):895–904. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00662.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ike Y., Clewell D. B. Evidence that the hemolysin/bacteriocin phenotype of Enterococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes can be determined by plasmids in different incompatibility groups as well as by the chromosome. J Bacteriol. 1992 Dec;174(24):8172–8177. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.24.8172-8177.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ike Y., Clewell D. B. Genetic analysis of the pAD1 pheromone response in Streptococcus faecalis, using transposon Tn917 as an insertional mutagen. J Bacteriol. 1984 Jun;158(3):777–783. doi: 10.1128/jb.158.3.777-783.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ike Y., Clewell D. B., Segarra R. A., Gilmore M. S. Genetic analysis of the pAD1 hemolysin/bacteriocin determinant in Enterococcus faecalis: Tn917 insertional mutagenesis and cloning. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jan;172(1):155–163. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.1.155-163.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ike Y., Craig R. A., White B. A., Yagi Y., Clewell D. B. Modification of Streptococcus faecalis sex pheromones after acquisition of plasmid DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Sep;80(17):5369–5373. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.17.5369. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ike Y., Flannagan S. E., Clewell D. B. Hyperhemolytic phenomena associated with insertions of Tn916 into the hemolysin determinant of Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1. J Bacteriol. 1992 Mar;174(6):1801–1809. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.6.1801-1809.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ike Y., Hashimoto H., Clewell D. B. High incidence of hemolysin production by Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis strains associated with human parenteral infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Aug;25(8):1524–1528. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.8.1524-1528.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kao S. M., Olmsted S. B., Viksnins A. S., Gallo J. C., Dunny G. M. Molecular and genetic analysis of a region of plasmid pCF10 containing positive control genes and structural genes encoding surface proteins involved in pheromone-inducible conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol. 1991 Dec;173(23):7650–7664. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.23.7650-7664.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LeBlanc D. J., Lee L. N., Clewell D. B., Behnke D. Broad geographical distribution of a cytotoxin gene mediating beta-hemolysis and bacteriocin activity among Streptococcus faecalis strains. Infect Immun. 1983 Jun;40(3):1015–1022. doi: 10.1128/iai.40.3.1015-1022.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mori M., Sakagami Y., Narita M., Isogai A., Fujino M., Kitada C., Craig R. A., Clewell D. B., Suzuki A. Isolation and structure of the bacterial sex pheromone, cAD1, that induces plasmid transfer in Streptococcus faecalis. FEBS Lett. 1984 Dec 3;178(1):97–100. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81248-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mori M., Tanaka H., Sakagami Y., Isogai A., Fujino M., Kitada C., Clewell D. B., Suzuki A. Isolation and structure of the sex pheromone inhibitor, iPD1, excreted by Streptococcus faecalis donor strains harboring plasmid pPD1. J Bacteriol. 1987 Apr;169(4):1747–1749. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.4.1747-1749.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pontius L. T., Clewell D. B. Conjugative transfer of Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1: nucleotide sequence and transcriptional fusion analysis of a region involved in positive regulation. J Bacteriol. 1992 May;174(10):3152–3160. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3152-3160.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pontius L. T., Clewell D. B. Regulation of the pAD1-encoded sex pheromone response in Enterococcus faecalis: nucleotide sequence analysis of traA. J Bacteriol. 1992 Mar;174(6):1821–1827. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.6.1821-1827.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruhfel R. E., Manias D. A., Dunny G. M. Cloning and characterization of a region of the Enterococcus faecalis conjugative plasmid, pCF10, encoding a sex pheromone-binding function. J Bacteriol. 1993 Aug;175(16):5253–5259. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.16.5253-5259.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shaw J. H., Clewell D. B. Complete nucleotide sequence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B-resistance transposon Tn917 in Streptococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol. 1985 Nov;164(2):782–796. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.2.782-796.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanimoto K., An F. Y., Clewell D. B. Characterization of the traC determinant of the Enterococcus faecalis hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmid pAD1: binding of sex pheromone. J Bacteriol. 1993 Aug;175(16):5260–5264. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.16.5260-5264.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanimoto K., Clewell D. B. Regulation of the pAD1-encoded sex pheromone response in Enterococcus faecalis: expression of the positive regulator TraE1. J Bacteriol. 1993 Feb;175(4):1008–1018. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.4.1008-1018.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tomich P. K., An F. Y., Clewell D. B. Properties of erythromycin-inducible transposon Tn917 in Streptococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol. 1980 Mar;141(3):1366–1374. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1366-1374.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tomich P. K., An F. Y., Damle S. P., Clewell D. B. Plasmid-related transmissibility and multiple drug resistance in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain DS16. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979 Jun;15(6):828–830. doi: 10.1128/aac.15.6.828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weaver K. E., Clewell D. B., An F. Identification, characterization, and nucleotide sequence of a region of Enterococcus faecalis pheromone-responsive plasmid pAD1 capable of autonomous replication. J Bacteriol. 1993 Apr;175(7):1900–1909. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.7.1900-1909.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weaver K. E., Clewell D. B. Regulation of the pAD1 sex pheromone response in Enterococcus faecalis: construction and characterization of lacZ transcriptional fusions in a key control region of the plasmid. J Bacteriol. 1988 Sep;170(9):4343–4352. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.9.4343-4352.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weaver K. E., Clewell D. B. Regulation of the pAD1 sex pheromone response in Enterococcus faecalis: effects of host strain and traA, traB, and C region mutants on expression of an E region pheromone-inducible lacZ fusion. J Bacteriol. 1990 May;172(5):2633–2641. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.5.2633-2641.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wirth R., An F. Y., Clewell D. B. Highly efficient protoplast transformation system for Streptococcus faecalis and a new Escherichia coli-S. faecalis shuttle vector. J Bacteriol. 1986 Mar;165(3):831–836. doi: 10.1128/jb.165.3.831-836.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yagi Y., Kessler R. E., Shaw J. H., Lopatin D. E., An F., Clewell D. B. Plasmid content of Streptococcus faecalis strain 39-5 and identification of a pheromone (cPD1)-induced surface antigen. J Gen Microbiol. 1983 Apr;129(4):1207–1215. doi: 10.1099/00221287-129-4-1207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]