Table 2. Functional chemokines receptors on human tissue cells*.
| Cell type | Chemokine receptor | Chemokine ligands | Evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astrocyte | CXCR4 | CXCL12 (SDF-1) | Calcium response | 19,20,21 |
| CCR5 | CCL4 (MIP-1β) | glutamate releasesurvival | ||
| CCL5 (RANTES) | survival | |||
| Neuron | CXCR2 | CXCL1 (MGSA) | Calcium response | 19,22,23 |
| CXCR4 | CXCR12 | Apoptosis | ||
| CCR5 | CCL4 | |||
| Smooth muscle | CCR1 | CCL3 (MIP-1α) | Ligand binding | 24 |
| CCR2? | CCL2 (MCP-1) | Calcium response | ||
| Endothelial | CXCR2 | CXCL1 | ChemotaxisAngiogenesis | 25 |
| Angiogenesis | Skin fibroblast | |||
| Skin fibroblast | CCR2? | CCL2 | Collagenase and″IL-1 production | 26 |
| Synovial fibroblast | CXCR4 | CXCL12 | ERK signalling | 27 |
| CCR2CCR5 | CCL2CCL5 | Enhanced IL-6 and″CXCL8 release | ||
| CCR5 | CCL5 | CXCL8 release5 | ||
| Gut epithelial | CXCR4 | CXCL12 | Calcium response | 28 |
| Airway epithelial | CCR3 | CCL11 (eotaxin) | Calcium response | 29 |
| Melanoma | CXCR2CXCR4 | CXCL1CXCL12 | Receptor phosphorylation,″growth stimulation | 30,31 |
| CXCR4 | CXCL12 | growth stimulation | ||
| Breast cancer cells | CCR7CCR10 | CCL21 (6Ckine)CCL27 (ESkine) | Ligand-induced actin″polymerization, chemotaxis | 32 |
| CCR10 | CCL27(ESkine) | polymerization, chemotaxis |
*
Receptor mRNA expression and immunoreactivity is also reported in these and other studies.
6Ckine, chemokine with 6 cysteines; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ESkine, embryonic stem cell chemokine; IL, interleukin; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; MGSA, melanoma growth stimulatory activity; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; SDF, stromal cell-derived factor.