Abstract
We have investigated the molecular basis for the reported synergism between peptaibols and cell wall hydrolytic enzymes in the antagonism of phytopathogenic fungi by Trichoderma harzianum. beta-Glucan synthase activity on isolated plasma membranes of Botrytis cinerea was inhibited in vitro by the peptaibols trichorzianin TA and TB, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. beta-Glucan synthesis in vivo, assayed by the incorporation of [2-(3)H]glucose into cell wall material, was inhibited by the presence of peptaibols, and this inhibition was synergistic with exogenously added T. harzianum beta-1,3-glucanase. This synergism is therefore explained by an inhibition of the membrane-bound beta-1,3-glucan synthase of the host by the peptaibols, which inhibit the resynthesis of cell wall beta-glucans, sustain the disruptive action of beta-glucanases, and all together enhance the fungicidal activity. Therefore, we have identified cell wall turnover as a major target of mycoparasitic antagonism.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (215.3 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Carsolio C., Gutiérrez A., Jiménez B., Van Montagu M., Herrera-Estrella A. Characterization of ech-42, a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene expressed during mycoparasitism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Nov 8;91(23):10903–10907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.10903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Geremia R. A., Goldman G. H., Jacobs D., Ardiles W., Vila S. B., Van Montagu M., Herrera-Estrella A. Molecular characterization of the proteinase-encoding gene, prb1, related to mycoparasitism by Trichoderma harzianum. Mol Microbiol. 1993 May;8(3):603–613. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01604.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graeme-Cook K. A., Faull J. L. Effect of ultraviolet-induced mutants of Trichoderma harzianum with altered antibiotic production on selected pathogens in vitro. Can J Microbiol. 1991 Sep;37(9):659–664. doi: 10.1139/m91-112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inbar J., Chet I. A newly isolated lectin from the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii: purification, characterization and role in mycoparasitism. Microbiology. 1994 Mar;140(Pt 3):651–657. doi: 10.1099/00221287-140-3-651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inbar J., Chet I. Biomimics of fungal cell-cell recognition by use of lectin-coated nylon fibers. J Bacteriol. 1992 Feb;174(3):1055–1059. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.3.1055-1059.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inbar J., Chet I. The role of recognition in the induction of specific chitinases during mycoparasitism by Trichoderma harzianum. Microbiology. 1995 Nov;141(Pt 11):2823–2829. doi: 10.1099/13500872-141-11-2823. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lora J. M., De la Cruz J., Llobell A., Benítez T., Pintor-Toro J. A. Molecular characterization and heterologous expression of an endo-beta-1,6-glucanase gene from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Mol Gen Genet. 1995 Jun 10;247(5):639–645. doi: 10.1007/BF00290356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Molle G., Duclohier H., Spach G. Voltage-dependent and multi-state ionic channels induced by trichorzianines, anti-fungal peptides related to alamethicin. FEBS Lett. 1987 Nov 16;224(1):208–212. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80449-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schirmböck M., Lorito M., Wang Y. L., Hayes C. K., Arisan-Atac I., Scala F., Harman G. E., Kubicek C. P. Parallel formation and synergism of hydrolytic enzymes and peptaibol antibiotics, molecular mechanisms involved in the antagonistic action of Trichoderma harzianum against phytopathogenic fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Dec;60(12):4364–4370. doi: 10.1128/aem.60.12.4364-4370.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de la Cruz J., Hidalgo-Gallego A., Lora J. M., Benitez T., Pintor-Toro J. A., Llobell A. Isolation and characterization of three chitinases from Trichoderma harzianum. Eur J Biochem. 1992 Jun 15;206(3):859–867. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16994.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- el Hajji M., Rebuffat S., Le Doan T., Klein G., Satre M., Bodo B. Interaction of trichorzianines A and B with model membranes and with the amoeba Dictyostelium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Jan 16;978(1):97–104. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90504-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- el Hajji M., Rebuffat S., Lecommandeur D., Bodo B. Isolation and sequence determination of trichorzianines A antifungal peptides from Trichoderma harzianum. Int J Pept Protein Res. 1987 Feb;29(2):207–215. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb02247.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]