Abstract
Studies on laboratory animals have shown that viruses vary as to whether or not they are transmissible by the gametes or are capable of passing through the zona pellucida and infecting the embryo.
Methods of studying early embryos for the presence of infectious agents include electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry and cell cultivation.
Determination that early bovine embryos do not become infected by certain agents might allow for easing of restrictions in the current import and export regulations for cattle embryos.
Embryo transfer could be used as a means of controlling or eliminating disease in a herd or flock if the causal agent does not infect the early embryo via the gametes or by penetrating the zona pellucida.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Andersen H. K., Jeppesen T. Virus-like particles in guinea pig oogonia and oocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972 Nov;49(5):1403–1410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baranska W., Sawicki W., Koprowski H. Infection of mammalian unfertilized and fertilized ova with oncogenic viruses. Nature. 1971 Apr 30;230(5296):591–592. doi: 10.1038/230591a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bentvelzen P., Daams J. H., Hageman P., Calafat J. Genetic transmission of viruses that incite mammary tumor in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Sep;67(1):377–384. doi: 10.1073/pnas.67.1.377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biczysko W., Pienkowski M., Solter D., Koprowski H. Virus particles in early mouse embryos. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973 Sep;51(3):1041–1050. doi: 10.1093/jnci/51.3.1041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biczysko W., Solter D., Pienkowski M., Koprowski H. Interactions of early mouse embryos with oncogenic viruses--simian virus 40 and polyoma. I. Ultrastructural studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973 Dec;51(6):1945–1954. doi: 10.1093/jnci/51.6.1945. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Black V. H. Virus particles in primordial germ cells of fetal guinea pigs. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1974 Feb;52(2):545–551. doi: 10.1093/jnci/52.2.545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brackett B. G., Baranska W., Sawicki W., Koprowski H. Uptake of heterologous genome by mammalian spermatozoa and its transfer to ova through fertilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Feb;68(2):353–357. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.2.353. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burny A., Bex F., Chantrenne H., Cleuter Y., Dekegel D., Ghysdael J., Kettmann R., Leclercq M., Leunen J., Mammerickx M. Bovine leukemia virus involvement in enzootic bovine leukosis. Adv Cancer Res. 1978;28:251–311. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60649-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Calarco P. G. Intracisternal A particle formation and inhibition in preimplantation mouse embryos. Biol Reprod. 1975 May;12(4):448–454. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod12.4.448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Calarco P. G., Szollosi D. Intracisternal A particles in ova and preimplantation stages of the mouse. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):91–93. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chapman A. L., Weitlauf H. M., Bopp W. Effect of feline leukemia virus on transferrred hamster fetuses. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1974 Feb;52(2):583–586. doi: 10.1093/jnci/52.2.583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chase D. G., Pikó L. Expression of A- and C-type particles in early mouse embryos. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973 Dec;51(6):1971–1975. doi: 10.1093/jnci/51.6.1971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curnock R. M., Day B. N., Dziuk P. J. Embryo transfer in pigs: a method for introducing genetic material into primary specific-pathogen-free herds. Am J Vet Res. 1976 Jan;37(1):97–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ericsson R. J., Buthala D. A., Norland J. F. Fertilization of rabbit ova in vitro by sperm with adsorbed Sendai virus. Science. 1971 Jul 2;173(3991):54–55. doi: 10.1126/science.173.3991.54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glass R. H., Calarco P. G., Lin T. P., Florence J., Oh J. O. Development of the mouse blastocyst following injection with newcastle disease virus. Biol Reprod. 1974 Jun;10(5):502–511. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod10.5.502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwatkin R. B., Auerbach S. Synthesis of a ribonucleic acid virus by the mammalian ovum. Nature. 1966 Mar 5;209(5027):993–994. doi: 10.1038/209993a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwatkin R. B. Passage of mengovirus through the zona pellucida of the mouse morula. J Reprod Fertil. 1967 Jun;13(3):577–578. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0130577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jaenisch R., Fan H., Croker B. Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukemia virus: tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA and leukemogenesis in the adult animal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Oct;72(10):4008–4012. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.4008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jaenisch R. Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Apr;73(4):1260–1264. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1260. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kalter S. S., Heberling R. L., Smith G. C., Panigel M., Kraemer D. C., Helmke R. J., Hellman A. Vertical transmission of C-type viruses: their presence in baboon follicular oocytes and tubal ova. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975 May;54(5):1173–1176. doi: 10.1093/jnci/54.5.1173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kalter S. S., Panigel M., Kraemer D. C., Heberling R. L., Helmke R. J., Smith G. C., Hellman A. C-type particles in baboon (Papio cynocephalus) preimplantation embryos. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1974 Jun;52(6):1927–1928. doi: 10.1093/jnci/52.6.1927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mengeling W. L. Elimination of porcine parvovirus from infected cell cultures by inclusion of homologous antiserum in the nutrient medium. Am J Vet Res. 1978 Feb;39(2):323–324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mims C. A. Immunofluorescence study of the carrier state and mechanism of vertical transmission in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966 Apr;91(2):395–402. doi: 10.1002/path.1700910214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mohanty S. B., Bachmann P. A. Susceptibility of fertilized mouse eggs to minute virus of mice. Infect Immun. 1974 Apr;9(4):762–763. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.4.762-763.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Molitor T. W., Light M. R., Schipper I. A. Elevated concentrations in serum immunoglobulins due to infection by ovine progressive pneumonia virus. Am J Vet Res. 1979 Jan;40(1):69–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neighbour P. A., Fraser L. R. Murine cytomegalovirus and fertility: potential sexual transmission and the effect of this virus on fertilization in vitro. Fertil Steril. 1978 Aug;30(2):216–222. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)43463-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neighbour P. A. Studies on the susceptibility of the mouse preimplantation embryo to infection with cytomegalovirus. J Reprod Fertil. 1978 Sep;54(1):15–20. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0540015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rowson L. E. The second Hammond Memorial Lecture. The role of reproductive research in animal production. J Reprod Fertil. 1971 Jul;26(1):113–126. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0260113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sawicki W., Baranska W., Koprowski H. Susceptibility of unfertilized and fertilized mouse eggs to simian virus 40 and Moloney sarcoma virus. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1971 Nov;47(5):1045–1051. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tuffrey M., Zisman B., Barnes R. D. Sendai (parainfluenza 1) infection of mouse eggs. Br J Exp Pathol. 1972 Dec;53(6):638–640. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whittingham D. G. Embryo banks in the future of developmental genetics. Genetics. 1974 Sep;78(1):395–402. doi: 10.1093/genetics/78.1.395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wrathall A. E., Done J. T., Stuart P., Mitchell D., Betteridge K. J., Randall G. C. Successful intercontinental pig conceptus transfer. Vet Rec. 1970 Aug 22;87(8):226–228. doi: 10.1136/vr.87.8.226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wrathall A. E., Mengeling W. L. Effect of porcine parvovirus on development of fertilized pig eggs in vitro. Br Vet J. 1979 May-Jun;135(3):249–254. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)32884-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wrathall A. E., Mengeling W. L. Effect of transferring parvovirus-infected fertilized pig eggs into seronegative gilts. Br Vet J. 1979 May-Jun;135(3):255–261. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)32885-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu J. T., Meyer R. K. Bacterium-like particles in delayed implanting rat blastocysts. J Reprod Fertil. 1972 Jan;28(1):105–107. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0280105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Young J. A., Cheung K. S., Lang D. J. Infection and fertilization of mice after artificial insemination with a mixture of sperm and murine cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis. 1977 May;135(5):837–840. doi: 10.1093/infdis/135.5.837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]