Skip to main content
The Canadian Veterinary Journal logoLink to The Canadian Veterinary Journal
. 1981 Dec;22(12):377–381.

The Extent and Control of Avian Influenza in Canada

G Lang, A E Ferguson
PMCID: PMC1790007  PMID: 7337915

Abstract

The large variety of influenza A virus types circulating among wild birds in their northern breeding grounds represents a menace to the Canadian poultry industry. The principal victims of avian influenza in the past were turkeys, exceptionally affected were ducks, but never chickens. Influenza in Ontario turkeys reached a peak incidence at the end of the 60's, then it declined steadily to isolated infrequent infections. The decline is attributed to efforts made to avoid contact between domestic turkeys and wild birds. The prospect of controlling avian influenza by vaccination is discounted, and it is recommended to place more emphasis on isolation of the turkeys and improved sanitation on the farms.

Full text

PDF
377

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Boudreault A., Lecomte J., Hinshaw V. S. Caractérisation antigénique des virus influenza A isolés des oiseaux capturés dans l'Ontario, le Québec et les provinces maritimes durant la saison 1977. Rev Can Biol. 1980 Jun;39(2):107–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boudreault A., Lecomte J. Isolement de virus grippaux chez différentes espèces aviaires au Canada en 1978. Rev Can Biol. 1981 Mar;40(1):139–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Hinshaw V. S., Webster R. G. Characterization of a new avian influenza virus subtype and proposed designation of this haemagglutinin as Hav10. J Gen Virol. 1979 Dec;45(3):751–754. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-45-3-751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Hinshaw V. S., Webster R. G., Turner B. Novel influenza A viruses isolated from Canadian feral ducks: including strains antigenically related to swine influenza (Hsw1N1) viruses. J Gen Virol. 1978 Oct;41(1):115–127. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-41-1-115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Hinshaw V. S., Webster R. G., Turner B. The perpetuation of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in Canadian waterfowl. Can J Microbiol. 1980 May;26(5):622–629. doi: 10.1139/m80-108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Lang G., Ferguson A. E., Connell M. C., Wills C. G. Isolation of an unidentified hemagglutinating virus from the respiratory tract of turkeys. Avian Dis. 1965 Nov;9(4):495–504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Lang G., Gagnon A., Geraci J. R. Isolation of an influenza A virus from seals. Arch Virol. 1981;68(3-4):189–195. doi: 10.1007/BF01314571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Lang G., Howell J., Ferguson A. E. The occurrence of serotype 4 of avian influenza A virus in Canadian poultry. Can Vet J. 1972 Jan;13(1):17–20. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Lang G., Narayan O., Rouse B. T., Ferguson A. E., Connell M. C. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys II. A highly pathogenic variant, a/turkey/ontario 772/66. Can Vet J. 1968 Jul;9(7):151–160. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Lang G., Narayan O., Rouse B. T. Prevention of malignant avian influenza by 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1970;32(2):171–184. doi: 10.1007/BF01249953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Lang G., Rouse B. T., Narayan O., Ferguson A. E., Connell M. C. A new influenza virus infection in turkeys. I. Isolation and characterization of virus 6213. Can Vet J. 1968 Jan;9(1):22–29. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Lang G., Tumová B., Schild G. C. A new subtype of type A influenzavirus isolated from turkeys. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;47(4):515–519. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lang G., Wills C. G. Wilmot virus a new influenza A virus infecting turkeys. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1966;19(2):81–90. doi: 10.1007/BF01241489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Mitchell C. A., Guerin L. F., Robillard J. Myxovirus influenza A isolated from ducklings. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1967 Apr;31(4):103–105. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Narayan O., Lang G., Rouse B. T. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. IV. Experimental susceptibility of domestic birds to virus strain turkey-Ontario 7732-1966. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1969;26(1):149–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Narayan O., Lang G., Rouse B. T. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. V. Pathology of the experimental disease by strain turkey-Ontario 7732-66. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1969;26(1):166–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Narayan O. Pathogenesis of lethal influenza virus infection in turkeys. II. Central nervous system phase of infection. J Comp Pathol. 1972 Apr;82(2):139–146. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(72)90055-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Narayan O., Rouse B. T., Lang G. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. VI. Artificial immunization against the malignant virus strain turkey-Ontario 7732-66. Can J Comp Med. 1970 Jan;34(1):72–79. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Narayan O., Thorsen J., Hulland T. J., Ankeli G., Joseph P. G. Pathogenesis of lethal influenza virus infection in turkeys. I. Extraneural phase of infection. J Comp Pathol. 1972 Apr;82(2):129–137. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(72)90054-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Pereira H. G., Lang G., Olesiuk O. M., Snoeyenbos G. H., Roberts D. H., Easterday B. C. New antigenic variants of avian influenza A viruses. Bull World Health Organ. 1966;35(5):799–802. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Rouse B. T., Lang G., Narayan O. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. 3. Pathology of the experimental disease by virus strain turkey-Ontario-6213-66. J Comp Pathol. 1968 Oct;78(4):525–533. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(68)90053-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Rouse B. T., Lang G., Narayan O. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. VII. Comparative immunology. Can J Comp Med. 1971 Jan;35(1):44–51. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Schild G. C., Newman R. W., Webster R. G., Major D., Hinshaw V. S. Antigenic analysis of influenza A virus surface antigens: considerations for the nomenclature of influenza virus. Brief review. Arch Virol. 1980;63(3-4):171–184. doi: 10.1007/BF01315024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Thorsen J., Barker I. K., Hinshaw V. S. Influenza viruses isolated from waterfowl in southern Ontario, 1976-1978. Can J Microbiol. 1980 Dec;26(12):1511–1514. doi: 10.1139/m80-252. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Walker R. V., Bannister G. L. A Filterable Agent n Ducks. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1953 Jun;17(6):248–250. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Webster R. G., Campbell C. H., Granoff A. The "in vivo" production of "new" influenza A viruses. I. Genetic recombination between avian and mammalian influenza viruses. Virology. 1971 May;44(2):317–328. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90263-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Webster R. G., Tumová B., Hinshaw V. S., Lang G. Characterization of avian influenza viruses. Designation of a newly recognized haemagglutinin. Bull World Health Organ. 1976;54(5):555–560. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Canadian Veterinary Journal are provided here courtesy of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

RESOURCES