Abstract
A total of 114 gram-negative fecal isolates from domestic pigs in herds with different histories of antimicrobial agent exposure were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA and specific tetracycline resistance determinants. More than 84% of the isolates harbored plasmid DNA, which ranged in size from 2.1 to 186 kb. A total of 78 isolates (68.4%) were resistant to tetracycline at concentrations greater than 4 micrograms/ml. Plasmid DNAs from about 56% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates hybridized with DNA probes for class A, B, C, and D tetracycline resistance determinants. The class B determinant was the most common determinant (35% of the isolates), followed by the class C determinant (12%) and the class A determinant (1%). About 9% of the isolates contained two determinants on plasmids. None of the plasmids from isolates hybridized with the class D determinant probe. The class C determinant was the most prevalent determinant on plasmids in isolates from pigs not exposed to antimicrobial agents for more than 146 months, while the class B determinant was more prevalent on plasmids in isolates from pigs exposed to either subtherapeutic or therapeutic levels of antimicrobial agents. Most tetracycline resistance determinants were localized on plasmids which were more than 30 kb long. A great number of wild-type tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains were found with the class E determinant on their chromosomes. This study revealed a high prevalence of tetracycline resistance determinants in the fecal flora of pig herds whether or not they were fed with antibiotics.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aoki T., Takahashi A. Class D tetracycline resistance determinants of R plasmids from the fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, and Pasteurella piscicida. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Aug;31(8):1278–1280. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.8.1278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birnboim H. C., Doly J. A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 24;7(6):1513–1523. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.6.1513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown J. T., Roberts M. C. Cloning and characterization of tetM gene from a Ureaplasma urealyticum strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Nov;31(11):1852–1854. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.11.1852. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chopra I., Howe T. G., Linton A. H., Linton K. B., Richmond M. H., Speller D. C. The tetracyclines: prospects at the beginning of the 1980s. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1981 Jul;8(1):5–21. doi: 10.1093/jac/8.1.5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Christie P. J., Dunny G. M. Antibiotic selection pressure resulting in multiple antibiotic resistance and localization of resistance determinants to conjugative plasmids in streptococci. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jan;149(1):74–82. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.1.74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dawson K. A., Langlois B. E., Stahly T. S., Cromwell G. L. Antibiotic resistance in anaerobic and coliform bacteria from the intestinal tract of swine fed therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of chlortetracycline. J Anim Sci. 1984 Jan;58(1):123–131. doi: 10.2527/jas1984.581123x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DePaola A., Flynn P. A., McPhearson R. M., Levy S. B. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of tetracycline- and oxytetracycline-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila from cultured channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and their environments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 Jul;54(7):1861–1863. doi: 10.1128/aem.54.7.1861-1863.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ditta G., Stanfield S., Corbin D., Helinski D. R. Broad host range DNA cloning system for gram-negative bacteria: construction of a gene bank of Rhizobium meliloti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7347–7351. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gallie D. R., Zaitlin D., Perry K. L., Kado C. I. Characterization of the replication and stability regions of Agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid pTAR. J Bacteriol. 1984 Mar;157(3):739–745. doi: 10.1128/jb.157.3.739-745.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guest G. B. Status of FDA's program on the use of antibiotics in animal feeds. J Anim Sci. 1976 Apr;42(4):1052–1057. doi: 10.2527/jas1976.4241052x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kado C. I., Liu S. T. Rapid procedure for detection and isolation of large and small plasmids. J Bacteriol. 1981 Mar;145(3):1365–1373. doi: 10.1128/jb.145.3.1365-1373.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kiser J. S. A perspective on the use of antibiotics in animal feeds. J Anim Sci. 1976 Apr;42(4):1058–1072. doi: 10.2527/jas1976.4241058x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Langlois B. E., Cromwell G. L., Stahly T. S., Dawson K. A., Hays V. W. Antibiotic resistance of fecal coliforms after long-term withdrawal of therapeutic and subtherapeutic antibiotic use in a swine herd. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Dec;46(6):1433–1434. doi: 10.1128/aem.46.6.1433-1434.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Langlois B. E., Dawson K. A., Stahly T. S., Cromwell G. L. Antibiotic resistance of fecal coliforms from swine fed subtherapeutic and therapeutic levels of chlortetracycline. J Anim Sci. 1984 Mar;58(3):666–674. doi: 10.2527/jas1984.583666x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy S. B., Hedges R. W., Sullivan F., Medeiros A. A., Sosroseputro H. Multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from diarrhoeal specimens of hospitalized children in Indonesia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985 Jul;16(1):7–16. doi: 10.1093/jac/16.1.7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macrina F. L., Kopecko D. J., Jones K. R., Ayers D. J., McCowen S. M. A multiple plasmid-containing Escherichia coli strain: convenient source of size reference plasmid molecules. Plasmid. 1978 Jun;1(3):417–420. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(78)90056-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall B., Morrissey S., Flynn P., Levy S. B. A new tetracycline-resistance determinant, class E, isolated from Enterobacteriaceae. Gene. 1986;50(1-3):111–117. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90315-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall B., Roberts M., Smith A., Levy S. B. Homogeneity of transferable tetracycline-resistance determinants in Haemophilus species. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jun;149(6):1028–1029. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.6.1028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall B., Tachibana C., Levy S. B. Frequency of tetracycline resistance determinant classes among lactose-fermenting coliforms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983 Dec;24(6):835–840. doi: 10.1128/aac.24.6.835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McMurry L., Petrucci R. E., Jr, Levy S. B. Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3974–3977. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mendez B., Tachibana C., Levy S. B. Heterogeneity of tetracycline resistance determinants. Plasmid. 1980 Mar;3(2):99–108. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(80)90101-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meyers J. A., Sanchez D., Elwell L. P., Falkow S. Simple agarose gel electrophoretic method for the identification and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol. 1976 Sep;127(3):1529–1537. doi: 10.1128/jb.127.3.1529-1537.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morse S. A., Johnson S. R., Biddle J. W., Roberts M. C. High-level tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is result of acquisition of streptococcal tetM determinant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Nov;30(5):664–670. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.5.664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Novick R. P. The development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as a consequence of feeding antibiotics to livestock. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;368:23–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb15430.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peters M., Yarus M. Transfer RNA selection at the ribosomal A and P sites. J Mol Biol. 1979 Nov 5;134(3):471–491. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90364-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reed K. C., Mann D. A. Rapid transfer of DNA from agarose gels to nylon membranes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Oct 25;13(20):7207–7221. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.20.7207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roberts M. C., Hillier S. L., Hale J., Holmes K. K., Kenny G. E. Tetracycline resistance and tetM in pathogenic urogenital bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Nov;30(5):810–812. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.5.810. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rothstein S. J., Jorgensen R. A., Yin J. C., Yong-di Z., Johnson R. C., Reznikoff W. S. Genetic organization of Tn5. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1981;45(Pt 1):99–105. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1981.045.01.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salyers A. A., Speer B. S., Shoemaker N. B. New perspectives in tetracycline resistance. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Jan;4(1):151–156. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02025.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]