The Homewood influence in Canada and beyond

Abstract

If there is any one individual who stands out in the saga of the early growth and development of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, it must be Albert Earl Homewood (1916–1990). His contributions included steering the institution through the lean 1950s, coping with the metropolitan transit authorities’ devastating incursion upon the first campus, and arranging the construction and financing of the school’s second campus. Along the way, this feisty gentleman and respected instructor, “chiropractic’s Mr. Chips,” raised the standard for scholarship among DCs and assisted in the administration of several additional chiropractic colleges (Lincoln and Los Angeles).

The Education of an Educator

Earl Homewood was born in Toronto on 5 September 1916.¹ His father had immigrated from England and worked as a policeman in Canada’s largest city. A severe attack of back pain while on duty prompted his colleagues to transport him to a local chiropractor, who returned him to work within a few weeks.² Relief of his mother’s migraine headaches prompted his parents to send Earl, then a high school student, for chiropractic care of his severe bronchitis. The youngster was impressed with the apparent benefit he experienced.

Earl aspired to study at the University of Toronto for a career in allopathic medicine, but the financial limitations of the late 1930s blocked his path. Instead, after completing his senior matriculation at Bloor Collegiate, he enrolled at the Shaw Business College for “complete office training.”² It was here, while working on a set of double-entry books, that he decided that “numbers were not the type of figures with which I wished to spend the rest of my life.” He also recalled that the National Chiropractic Association’s (NCA’s) convention in Toronto in 1938 afforded an opportunity to meet with college presidents and members of NCA’s Committee on Education.³

Since there were no chiropractic schools in Canada at the time, he set his sights on Denver. The University of Natural Healing Arts (UNHA) was one of only a few chiropractic schools (see Table 1) which offered a program that would qualify him for licensure in the province of Ontario: a curriculum of four years of nine months each.⁴ [In interviews in 1987, Dr. Homewood suggested that UNHA and the National College of Chiropractic were the only two schools which met the curricular stipulations of the licensing board for drugless healers in Ontario during 1938–39.²] His choice of UNHA was based upon the very favorable impression that the school’s president, Homer G. Beatty, D.C., N.D., a 1922 graduate of the Carver Chiropractic College, had made upon the young Canadian. Unfortunately for Earl, the UNHA “had not applied for recognition as a suitable college for foreign students”; on his first attempt to enter the United States, the would-be chiropractic student was deported.²

Table 1.

Schools of chiropractic circa 1931, according to a list prepared by Dr. Homer Beatty, president of the Colorado Chiropractic University⁵

Akron College of Chiropractic, Akron, Ohio

American School of Chiropractic, New York, N.Y.

Berkeley College of Chiropractic, Berkeley, Calif.

Blodgett Chiropractic College, Cleveland, Ohio

Carver College of Chiropractic, Oklahoma City, Okla.

Cleveland Chiropractic College, Kansas City, Mo.

Colorado Chiropractic University, Denver, Colorado

Columbia Institute of Chiropractic, New York, N.Y.

Colvin College of Chiropractic, Wichita, Kansas

Doty-Marsh College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia, Pa.

Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York, N.Y.

Indianapolis College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis, Ind.

Lincoln Chiropractic College, Indianapolis, Ind.

Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles, Calif.

Marchand College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mecca College of Chiropractic, Newark, N.J.

Metropolitan Chiropractic College, Cleveland, Ohio

Missouri Chiropractic College, St. Louis, Mo.

National Eclectic Institute, New York, N.Y.

National College of Chiropractic, Chicago, Ill.

New York School of Chiropractic, New York, N.Y.

Pacific College of Chiropractic, Portland, Ore.

Palmer School of Chiropractic, Davenport, Iowa

Pasadena College of Chiropractic, Pasadena, California

Peerless College of Chiropractic, Chicago, Ill.

Ramsay College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis, Minn.

Ratledge College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles, Calif.

Ross College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne, Ind.

San Francisco College of Chiropractic & Drugless Therapy, San Francisco, California

Seattle College of Chiropractic, Seattle, Wash.

Standard School of Chiropractic, New York, N.Y.

Texas Chiropractic College, San Antonio, Texas

Toronto College of Chiropractic, Toronto, Canada

Universal College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Washington School of Chiropractic, Washington, D.C.

West Coast College of Chiropractic, Oakland, California

Western Chiropractic College, Kansas City, Mo.

Denver Chiropractic Institute, Denver, Colorado

However, young Homewood was ready to display the dogged persistence that would subsequently characterize his career in chiropractic. In the autumn of 1938 he arrived in the “Mile High City” with $250 dollars and much enthusiasm. The UNHA, comprised of only 40 students, offered a “mixer” curriculum that was nearly as broad as any in the chiropractic world. Just a few years earlier the institution had collaborated with several other schools which were alarmed by the NCA’s retreat from physician-surgeon training for DCs during its 1935 convention in Los Angeles (6, 7, pp. 84–7). This apparently short-lived college federation issued the following announcement soon thereafter:

We wish to encourage the profession in efforts toward reasonable, higher and broader standards; and wish to help blaze the way to greater progress and development in conformity with the great merits of chiropractic.

A regular standard, four years of nine months each, course in Chiropractic and allied subjects is warranted by our profession and offered by the following school members of this affiliation:

(Membership open to qualifying schools)

WESTERN STATES COLLEGE

438 SE Elder, Portland, Oregon

METROPOLITAN COLLEGE OF CHIROPRACTIC AND PHYSIOTHERAPY

3400 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio

UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALING ARTS

840 Asylum Ave., Hartford, Conn.

UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL HEALING ARTS

1631 Glenarm St., Denver, Colorado

Write direct for catalogs or further information. Your support of the above educational standards through new students, is solicited.⁸

Although the Affiliated Universities of Natural Healing did not survive, its emergence furthered the rift among chiropractic schools.^7,9 Meanwhile, Homewood received a broad-scope education which emphasized the whole-body, “structuralist approach” of Willard Carver, LL.B., D.C.^10,11 as well as physiotherapeutics and obstetrics. He described this training in later years:

The courses taken were practically identical with those of the present day, although the laboratory facilities were severely restricted. Minimal chemistry and microscopic laboratories were conducted in the office of Dr. Fred Patrini, who had been a pharmacist prior to becoming a doctor of chiropractic. The dissection laboratory was in a former garage in back of the main building. It was necessary to have dissection only in the winter months since there was no refrigeration or other means of preserving the bodies; it was a cold and smelly procedure.

All of the instructional staff were chiropractors, and as students we were never allowed to forget the value of structural correction, no matter what other modalities might be utilized as support for, or ancillary to, the adjustive procedure. Great stress was laid upon the ability to utilize the dynamic adjustive thrust and [the ability to] control exact depth and direction, with every effort made to apply the impulse with exactitude …

The UNHA was therefore a structuralist type of college rather than being a segmentalist type, which the majority of chiropractic colleges have been. The teachings of D.D. Palmer and Willard Carver were emphasized. Homer G. Beatty added a great many techniques adapted to the Carver Tracto-thrust, but [he] extended the methods from the sutures of the skull to the toes of the feet, including abdominal and orificial work. Dr. P.A. Olsen was a graduate of the Palmer School and was the radiologist for the college … Dr. Thelma Brush taught most of the anatomy … almost all courses were taught by chiropractors, although we did have some chemistry from a German M.D. who was taking courses to obtain his D.C. degree … Dr. Patrini had been a pharmacist, and the president of the college, Dr. Homer G. Beatty, had studied some veterinary medicine prior to changing over to chiropractic … Dr. Neal D. Bishop [was] vice president; he also taught some of the technique [courses] as well as other subjects. He was an excellent adjuster … when he adjusted, you would think you had been struck by lightning; he was that quick.²

Earl lived frugally in a basement room of a private home and paid his way through the UNHA (tuition: $200/year or $25 monthly) with a variety of jobs, including janitor, worker in a sausage factory, housekeeper for Dr. Bishop and his family, and apprentice embalmer at a local mortuary. The latter employment provided “opportunity to examine the bodies after the pathologist had completed his work. In this way I was able to supplement my dissection and knowledge of pathology”.² The experience would serve him well in his subsequent teaching career.

In 1941 Homewood earned his first degree from UNHA: not the “DC,” but a Doctor of Physical Therapy (D.P.T.) (12, p. 123). For his chiropractic credential, he headed north to Portland, Oregon to enroll as a “special student” at the Western States College, School of Chiropractic. This institution, the former Pacific Chiropractic College, had been headed since 1929 by the former dean of the National College of Chiropractic, William Alfred Budden, D.C., N.D.^13,14 Homewood described Budden as a “thoroughly educated individual with a unique presentation which he peppered with sarcasm”.² Like the UNHA, Western States enrolled barely four dozen students and operated with a skeleton crew. Budden and his wife Catherine were the “mainstays of the institution,”² and several part-time faculty members taught radiology and technique. Unimpressed with his technique instructor, Homewood dropped this subject. Western States provided a curriculum that met the very broad-scope of practice enjoyed by Oregon’s practitioners, include minor surgery and obstetrics. Among Homewood’s fellow students was freshman Robert Elliot, who would later serve on Oregon’s Board of Chiropractic Examiners (1954) and as president of his chiropractic alma mater during 1956 through 1975.¹⁵ Once again, Earl paid his way through school with various jobs, including clerk at a drugstore.² He was awarded his DC degree by Western States College in May 1942.¹

By this time, the United States had followed Canada, Great Britain and the Allies into the conflict against Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire. Earl had volunteered with the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1939, soon after Hitler’s invasion of Poland, but had been granted a deferral to complete his education. In June 1942 he donned the garb of an enlisted man in the Royal Canadian Navy and was posted to Halifax, where he first served as secretary to several medical officers, later earned a “masseur’s rating” in a physiotherapy department, and was promoted to “Leading Sick Berth Attendant” in a military hospital.¹ The exasperation he felt with his new duties was expressed in what may be his earliest mention in a chiropractic periodical, when “The Chiron Call,” a column for chiropractors serving in the armed forces,^16,17 appeared in the NCA’s National Chiropractic Journal for April 1943:

IT’S THE SAME IN CANADA

Discrimination against non-medicals is a practice in the Royal Canadian Navy, too, according to Chiron A.E. Home-wood. A sick berth attendant attached to the R.C.N. hospital staff at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Homewood has known puffy knees and water wrinkled fingers, the result of being a chore-man in place of a corpsman. Currently, however, he is “the keeper of the records and general handy man for six lieutenant commanders (surgeons)” on the specialists staff. The most distasteful part of his new job is typing reports “sending boys with low back pains, foot disorders, persistent headaches, etc. back to duty with aspirin … for pain.”¹⁸

In 1944, however, the young chiropractor was transferred to the corvette HMCS Owen Sound, and now came into his element as the only medical staff aboard the vessel as it guarded the convoys traversing the waters between Great Britain and the New World. He served in this capacity for 18 months, and was medically discharged in June 1945 “due to injuries received in the North Atlantic”.^2,19 Two months later he opened his clinical practice “over a drugstore at the corner of Landsdown and Bloor” in Toronto.

A Change of Course

Earl had always intended to establish his first practice in some medically underserved town in northern Ontario. When family considerations required him instead to set up shop in Toronto, it was a stroke of good luck for the not-yet-open Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC), a project in planning since 1943.²⁰ Homewood volunteered to assist the Property Search Committee in locating a campus, which task was eventually accomplished by the legendary John A. Henderson, D.C, with whom Earl would collaborate for several years. Dr. Homewood was next drafted as a part-time instructor; in later years he explained how his career had been redirected:

There were few practitioners [who had completed] the four-year course in chiropractic and who had sufficient knowledge and stamina to staff the college. Those of us who fit those criteria were drafted as faculty members. Thus, I found myself a charter member of the faculty of CMCC and assisted in the teaching of palpation and technique during the first semester. During the second semester, I found myself with a course in osteology [which was] the first segment of the systematic anatomy. An additional section was added each semester thereafter, until I was teaching all of the anatomy for the next seven years.

When it came time to teach dissection at the end of systematic anatomy, I found it necessary to embalm many of the bodies in the evenings. Even after taking over as president and dean of the college, it was often necessary for me to embalm bodies in the evenings. My practice thus became secondary to my responsibilities at the college (2).

Dr. Homewood’s private practice was discontinued, not to be reestablished until 1952, when his sister, Gwyneth F. Smith-Pyne, graduated from CMCC. The intervening years were quiet but very busy, as Dr. Homewood developed his skill as mentor to a new generation of Canadian practitioners. The rewards of teaching were meager in financial terms: $3,000 annual salary plus $4/hour for lectures in excess of 20 hours per week. Private practice was somewhat more remunerative, and he recalled that half his caseload was comprised of gastrointestinal cases.² And during this interval, he found time to earn his Bachelor of Therapeutic Arts from Western States College (in 1948); his thesis later formed the basis for his volume, The Neurodynamics of the Vertebral Subluxation.¹

In October 1952 John S. Clubine, D.C., co-founder, president and first academic dean of the CMCC, tendered his resignation and announced his relocation to Los Angeles. Earl Homewood was appointed to take his place as “Administrative Dean,”²¹ a new designation for the chief executive officer (CEO). Responsibility for academic affairs continued to be the duty for Rudy O. Mueller, D.C., academic dean since 1946. It was a difficult moment for Homewood and the College; the new CEO later recalled that when he took over, the school faced a “$22,000 overdraft at the bank and a $90,000 mortgage on the property.”² These were rather substantial sums at that time.

Austerity would have to be the order of the day, and Homewood was up to the task. A letter from CMCC Board of Management member Keith B. Kennedy, D.C. to John Henderson summarized the College’s belt-tightening:

1. Administration. Expenses have been appreciably reduced. Mueller is teaching and looking after outside engagements, both of which he can do well. Homewood is conscientious in getting the best faculty and best out of the faculty – while doing a fair portion of teaching – being one measure of the economy effected. Under him Cecile Conron is continuing to do her usual effective job.

2. Faculty – under Homewood is being altered to rectify some weak spots that have been there for some time. Unless some teaching genius comes along, I do not know what differently could be done in a hurry.

3. Clinic – under Homewood and Price – an expert appraisal and recommendation were made by Dr. Werder – presently of Buffalo so operated Logan’s clinic so eminently. He has been retained as a counsellor to advise on clinic procedure to get the most from our clinic staff and from the opportunities present.

4. Maintenance – under Homewood and Hunt moves are underway that should effect over $300.00 per month saving. If it develops as some fear, that cleanliness suffers –then further changes are in order but in any event – attempts are being made.

5. Student Enrolment – under McCarthy and with assistance from the College Staff is doing nicely. Approaches have been made directly to the profession and to High Schools through their weekly newspaper Hi-News. The chiropractors are invited to submit the names of prospects and these are contacted directly by the college. A dozen are presently in which is running ahead of last year.

6. Reduction of Capital Debt – under Clemmer and his assistants over the past year and half has been a great help –little better than 22,000 each has been received and pledges total this amount in addition. But this is not sufficient. We believe now that the glorious first days of great enrollment are over – that we next realize the situation and now have brought the College Budget into balance. A realistic program of expansion will no doubt develop but this debt still has to be liquidated.²²

Homewood’s frugality soon produced results. By autumn of 1954 he was able to report a positive bank balance of $1,142,²⁴ and this reserve continued to grow for several years²⁵ despite the declines in enrollment and numbers of new graduates (see Table 2). Homewood confronted the same challenge that plagued chiropractic education throughout most of its first century: heavy tuition dependence. His awareness of this severe handicap was apparent in his communications to the field:

Table 2.

Number of graduates of the CMCC, 1949–1954²³

1949: 90	1951: 90	1953: 35
1950: 120	1952: 25	1954: 37

It is interesting to note that Dr. F. Cyril James, principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University, reported that in the United Kingdom 73.6% of the total revenue of universities is derived from government grants; in the United States 58.6% and in Canada 42%. Further, that tuition fees provide 10.7% of the United Kingdom university income, 21.4% in the U.S.A. and 29.6% in Canada. Last year the contributions to C.M.C.C. from outside sources, such as the profession’s donations, made up 8% of our total income. It is little wonder that faculty members are enticed away by more lucrative fields, since the prospects of a further raise are slight, there are no fringe benefits, no old age security and very little praise or consideration for a difficult job being remarkably well done. May I urge that faculty members be given consideration, encouragement and a little kindness that they may at least starve to death in a happy, contented frame of mind? From 1945 until the fall of 1955 faculty salaries were $3000 per year for full-time members. Since 1955 the rate has been $3600. For this yearly salary a member may be required to lecture up to 20 hours per week.

While the tone of this report may seem pessimistic and morbid, it is factual and should not be cause for alarm. Considerable progress has been achieved each year, and although raising of entrance requirements has created some hardships, it is certain that the end result will be greater progress for C.M.C.C. and the profession of chiropractic. With the continued interest, co-operation and support of the members of the profession this will be another year of progress.²⁶

Dr. Homewood could commiserate with his fellow members of the NCA’s Council on Education, who reluctantly accepted their inability to be selective in admitting students as the price of continuing operations.²⁷ They joined him in Toronto in February 1956 for their semi-annual meeting.⁷ Despite the risk of enrollment declines, the CMCC Board of Directors elected to raise entrance requirements to “Honour Graduation (Sr. Matriculation)” as of September 1957, and the Ontario Chiropractic Association agreed to contribute up to $5,000 to make up for any shortfall in tuition revenue.²⁸ Professor Herb Lee, who also served as secretary of the CMCC’s governing body, had expressed the board’s sentiments the year before:

… why increase the standard anyway? The answer that might be given is for two reasons. Firstly, to turn out better Chiropractors. A higher entrance requirement would presuppose that the average student selected would possess higher intellectual qualities. Or, in a longer course, the student should assimilate more knowledge and acquire a better technique before graduating. The student would also be more mature when he entered the field to practice. Secondly a higher educational standard should raise the prestige of the profession in the eyes of the public. The trend to-day in other courses is certainly to lengthen them and generally speaking the public accepts it.²⁹

The Canadian branch of the profession was setting an example for all. But the apprehensions about a decline in finances for the College had been well-founded. Dean Homewood discussed the problem with the field in the newly established Canadian Chiropractic Journal in 1957:

The enrollment is down considerably, with 33 new students and six repeating the first year. Having graduated forty-two, failed twenty-one, and lost at least six for want of funds, the total population will be down about thirty over last year. This means a tightening of the financial belt and another year of austerity programming.

In the first year class B.C. is represented by 3 students, Alberta by 1, Sask. by 2, Man. by 0, Ont. by 20, Quebec by 4, the Maritimes by 0, U.S.A. by 5, and England by 1.

On the financial side there should have been a total credit balance in the bank at Aug. 31 of $12,938.03 but $20,000 was spent to purchase property adjoining the present holdings. Thus our bank accounts showed an overdraft of $343 in the capital account, an overdraft of $7,166.90 in operating account, and a credit balance of $1,448.00 in the clinic account.

Foreseeing a drop in enrollment, and lowered income for this year, all of the necessary painting and repairs have been made that there should be a minimum of expenditure for this purpose during the present year.

The first mortgage was reduced by $5,258 during the past year and the usual $1,000 paid off the second. The total mortgage indebtedness now stands at about $45,000.²⁶

The 1950s saw a number of well-known chiropractic visitors to the Bloor Street campus. During the spring of 1955 Homewood welcomed Herbert Marshall Himes, D.C., future dean of the CMCC and then serving as chairman of the Technic Department at the Palmer School of Chiropractic (PSC).²³ Earl represented the CMCC at the annual meetings of the International Chiropractors’ Association (ICA) in Davenport, and Dr. B.J. Palmer “himself,” president of the PSC and self-styled “Developer” of the profession, visited the CMCC in 1956,³⁰ as did Vinton F. Logan, D.C., president of the Logan Basic College of Chiropractic in St. Louis.²⁵ Dr. Logan returned to Toronto in 1959 as a guest speaker at CMCC’s commencement exercises.³¹ Galen Price, D.C., then a faculty member in the PSC’s Philosophy Department and later Dave Palmer, D.C.’s successor as the fourth president of Palmer College, was also a guest presenter at the CMCC in the early months of 1959.³²

As the decade unfolded and his duties mounted, Earl nonetheless found time to complete studies for his Doctor of Naturopathy (N.D.) degree, which was awarded by the Philadelphia College of Naturopathy in 1956.¹ He also devoted himself to the preparation of his first book (see Table 3), The Neurodynamics of the Vertebral Subluxation.³³ First published in 1961 and subsequently in several revisions, the volume is now considered one of the more scholarly chiropractic treatises of that era. It was also in the late 1950s when Earl introduced a new dimension in chiropractic education when he authored several papers on judo (e.g., 34). He eventually earned a black belt in this martial arts (12, p. 123).

Table 3.

Several published papers of A. Earl Homewood, D.P.T., D.C., N.D., LL.B. (except where otherwise indicated, Dr. Homewood was sole author of each paper)

Books:

The neurodynamics of the vertebral subluxation. Third Edition. Toronto: Chiropractic Publishers, 1961/1979

The chiropractor and the law. Toronto: Chiropractic Publishers, 1965

Journal Articles (co-authorships):

Bittner H, Harper WD, Homewood AE, Janse J, Weiant CW. Chiropractic of today. ACA Journal of Chiropractic 1973 (Nov); 10(11): VII, S81–8

Martin, Ralph J. & Homewood, A. Earl. Researching research: outline for the preparation and processing of research proposals as prepared by the ACA Department of Research and Statistics. ACA Journal of Chiropractic 1971 (Feb); 8(1): 10–4

Journal Articles (sole authorships):

Administrative dean’s report. CMCC Quarterly 1954 (Fall); 4(3): 3–6

Administrative dean’s report. CMCC Quarterly 1954 (Winter); 4(4): 4–6

The subluxation. CMCC Quarterly 1954 (Winter); 4(4): 13–6

Naturopathic history in Ontario. Journal of the Ontario Naturopathic Association 1954 (Dec), pp. 6–9

Muscles - the neglected system. Journal of the National Chiropractic Association 1955 (Jan); 25(1): 9

Editorial: where to chiropractic? CMCC Quarterly 1955 (Spr); 5(1): 2

Administrative dean’s report. CMCC Quarterly 1955 (Spr); 5(1): 5–7

Administrative dean’s report. CMCC Quarterly 1955 (Sum); 5(2): 5–9

Administrative dean’s report. CMCC Quarterly 1956 (Spr); 6(1): 10–16

Deans report. CMCC Quarterly CMCC Quarterly 1956 (Sum); 7(2): 4–9

Spinal dynamics. New York State Journal of Chiropractic 1956 (Sept/Oct); 3(5): 34, 56

Administrative dean’s report. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957; 1(1): 5

Administrative dean’s report. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957 (June); 1(3): 6–7

Administrative dean’s report. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957 (Oct/Nov); 1(4): 6–7

Chiropractic jurisprudence. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957 (Oct/Nov); 1(4): 8–9

A chiropractor looks at judo. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957 (Oct/Nov); 1(4): 17–9

Clinical and physiological aspects of the surgeons first report for back injury. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957 (Oct/Nov); 1(4): 26–30

Administrative dean’s report. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957–58 (Dec/ Jan); 1(5): 6–7

Chiropractic jurisprudence. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957–58 (Dec/Jan); 1(5): 10–11

Adjusting quadrupeds. Canadian Chiropractic Journal 1957–58 (Dec/Jan); 1(5): 34

Chiropractic jurisprudence. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1958; 1(1): 9

Chiropractic. University of Toronto Medical Journal 1961 (Feb); 38(4): 165–71, 173

Chiropractic jurisprudence: the chiropractor as a witness. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1961 (Dec); 4(1): 16–7

Chiropractic jurisprudence: a word of caution. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1962 (Dec); 5(3): 21, 26–7

Sudden death. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1963 (Apr); 5(5): 22–3

The chiropractic opportunity – posture and public health. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1963 (June); 5(6): 6–7

Identification of the deceased. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1963 (June); 5(6): 32–3

Chiropractic jurisprudence: Your x-rays in court. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1963 (Aug); 6(1): 18–9

Chiropractic jurisprudence: Your x-rays in court. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1963 (Oct); 6(2): 20

Chiropractic jurisprudence: Your x-rays in court. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1963 (Dec); 6(3): 22

Chiropractic jurisprudence: Losing money? Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1964 (Feb); 6(4): 13, 34

Chiropractic jurisprudence: The challenge is now! Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1964 (Dec); 7(3): 13, 34

A posturometer survey. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 1964–65; 9(1): 9–10

Chiropractic jurisprudence: Fraudulent practices. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1965 (Apr); 7(5): 22–3

Chiropractic jurisprudence: the unwelcome opportunity. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1965 (Oct); 8(2): 31

Chiropractic jurisprudence: Let’s prosecute. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1966 (Feb); 8(4): 24

Do you diagnose? Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1966 (Sept/Oct); 9(2): 33, 46

You must diagnose. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1966 (Nov/Dec); 9(3): 12, 30

Establishing the expert witness. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1967 (Mar/ Apr); 9(5): 33–4A

Qualifications of the expert witness. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1967 (May/June); 9(6): 25, 35

Canada’s contribution to chiropractic. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1967 (July/Aug); 10(1): 33–4A

The question of professional stature. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1967; 10(3): 26–9

The serious need for educating the public. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1968 (Jan/Feb); 10(4): 25

The chiropractor’s secret weapon. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1969 (Jan/ Feb); 11(4): 54–7

A stimulus to education. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1971 (Nov/Dec); 14(3): 26, 73

77 years of turning the other cheek. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1973 (Jan/ Feb); 15(4): 26–9

The law of delay. Chirogram 1973 (Sept); 40(9): 16

Chiropractic psychocybernetics. Chirogram 1974a (May); 41(5): 16–7

The dean’s report. Chirogram 1974 (June); 41(6): 16–20

Expect a miracle. Chirogram 1974 (July); 41(7): 16–8

64 years of progress. Chirogram 1975 (Aug); 42(8): 19

The state of the college, 1974–1975 academic year. Chirogram 1976a (July); 43(7): 6–12

What’s happening? Chirogram 1976b (July); 43(7): 15–7

Cervical adjusting. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1978 (May/June); 20(6): 56–7

This I believe. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1979; 12(2): 33

Some history of chiropractic veterinary medicine. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1980 (July/Aug); 23(1): 120–1

Twenty-five years of evolution. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1982; 25(1): 11–2

Visceral vs. musculoskeletal. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1983; 25(5): 46–137

Micro-manipulation. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1985; 28(2): 45–6

The challenge of the future. Digest of Chiropractic Economics 1987; 29(6): 78, 81

What price research? Dynamic Chiropractic, March 15, 1988, pp. 32–3

Crusade to Save the Campus

From its birth in 1945, the College’s physical plant had presented various limitations to the instructional program. Despite the financial limitations, when the opportunity to expand the campus presented itself, the CMCC did not hesitate, as Homewood related many years later:

… By 1957, when the property behind the college became available for sale, a substantial credit balance was at hand. The first property was purchased for cash for $19,000, and within a short time the second adjoining property was obtained with a mere down payment. Some months later, the third property was obtained. A fourth was required to square the holdings of the college throughout the block, but this property was never available in my time.

A so-called “addition” had been added to the original Meadonia Hotel, but it was in fact a free-standing building, joined only by an enclosed walkway approximately eight feet wide. This building housed the laboratories in the basement, including dissection, x-ray, microscopic, and chemistry labs. The second floor had four classrooms. The third floor included an auditorium with a stage, and of course the necessary restroom facilities [were located] on each floor.²

However, the College’s expansion plans would soon be altered by Toronto’s metropolitan transit authority (“Metro Toronto”). Homewood reported to the Board of Directors in March 1959 that Metro Toronto’s plans involved acquisition of $15 million dollars of real estate along the proposed right of way for a “Bloor Subway.” “There are at present too many buildings in the district of the college with space available,” he suggested, “to consider erecting a new building”.³⁵ On 29 April 1959, when the executive committee of the College’s Board of Management considered its options for expanded parking, the uncertainties surrounding the proposed subway construction clearly hampered planning for the College’s adjacent properties on Prince Arthur Avenue:

Dr. Homewood has been elected to the directorate of the Ratepayers Assoc. in N.E. Toronto which is quite active due to the East West Subway dealings.

Latest information is that the subway goes under the northern 30–40 feet of the College building. Our area is in stage 1, of construction.

According to present bylaws regulations are very stringent as far as setting up a parking lot on our Prince Arthur property. This of course would be in abeyance until subway construction is finished in this area.³⁶

A month later the intrusiveness of the subway project seems to have expanded, and Homewood wrote for clarification to F.D. Cavill, chairman of the Property Committee of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto:

Some months ago the effect of the east-west subway upon this college was discussed with a representative of the Metropolitan Planning Board, who informed me that this section would be tunnelled, that it would come three feet inside the college property line and be twenty feet below the surface. As a result, no urgency was experienced and the appraisers have been patiently awaited. However, it becomes imperative to know definitely what will be involved prior to planning another academic year and the undersigned called Mr. Rochester on May 21st.

Mr. Rochester informs me that the present plans call for the expropriation and demolition of thirty seven feet of the back building of this institution. This is of very real and pressing concern for the college for the following reasons:–

1. The back building, completed in 1947, houses the laboratories and class rooms, while the front building is clinic, administrative offices, dormitories, library, etc.

2. Such demolition destroys the usefulness of the entire building, since every class during the four year course, must have a class room and use of the laboratories.

3. The auditorium, now a source of revenue, would be useless as such.

4. The auditorium is used also for instructional purposes, as well as assemblies, student social and sporting functions.

5. One hundred and seventy-five students, or more, could never be accommodated in the remainder of the building, yet our present facilities permit proper instruction for 240 students.

6. Such action as is proposed destroys the total value of this building as a college.

As you can appreciate it is absolutely essential that definite knowledge of the future plans for the building be known. Should it be necessary to move the institution, three months is very little time in which to locate a suitable building, install the plumbing, gas and electrical outlets necessary for chemistry, microscopic, and physiological laboratories …³⁷

The bureaucracy of government was in no hurry. Mr. Cavill replied several months later:

Construction in this area is scheduled to commence in September and the property Committee is now prepared to negotiate with you.

T.T.C. Engineers and Property Committee Valuators have inspected your land and buildings, and it now appears feasible that only an easement will be required. Occupancy of a portion of the rear lands of the Prince Arthur properties and part of the basement of the back building of the College will be necessary during construction.

The Committee would appreciate receiving your consent in writing to enter these premises for construction purposes, this consent to be without prejudice by either party.

Attempts are being made to find temporary space for the basement laboratories that will be occupied and we will write your further in this regard.

Compensation for the easement required will also be discussed at a later date.³⁸

The anticipated intrusiveness of the subway construction upon College operations waxed and waned. On 30 November 1959 Dr. Homewood optimistically reported to the Board of Management that:

The subway work has been commenced, the fences of the Prince Arthur properties have been removed, the trees cut down, and other work underway. The plans for the laboratories have been studied and it would appear that a satisfactory arrangement can be made. It is necessary for them to put in steel beams under the floor to ensure safety with the added weight of desks and students. The second floor may also have to be supported when the partitions are removed …

An interesting point has come to light relative to the subway. The station under C.M.C.C. is to be a two level one with the Yonge St. subway being extended along Front and up University to meet the Bloor line under this property and the Bloor trains are to be on another level. The Yonge trains are to be running by Jan. 1963. Copies of the information booklet may be on hand for Saturday’s meeting (39).

But subsequently, with enrollments still below aspirations, Metro Toronto’s invasion of the campus expanded. Homewood summarized events several decades later:

In 1959, the Metropolitan Toronto [subway line] expropriated forty-three feet of the back yards of the properties along [inaudible] Avenue, as well as thirty-seven feet of the rear teaching building of the college [located] on Bloor Street … Their plan was to tear down the rear thirty-seven feet of the college building, which would have included the front of the auditorium on the third floor, two classrooms on the second floor, the chemistry and microscopic labs in the basement, and would have made the dissection lab and x-ray lab almost untenable. A battle began with the representatives of Metro, since such a plan would have completely destroyed the usefulness of the teaching building. It was finally settled that they would move the chemistry and microscopic lab to the main floors of two of the semi-detached houses on the other street, for a period of one semester, or four and one-half months.

It was three years before the laboratories were returned to the main building. This created tremendous problems for the administration, because the labs were not of sufficient size to accommodate entire classes, and [it was difficult to] schedule classes to allow for the extra time [needed to] get from one building to another. The tenants of the houses were crowded into the upper floors, and they became another source of constant complaint. Students and faculty were most unhappy, and morale was very difficult to maintain at any level … [During construction of the subway line, serious damage was done to the main teaching building, which had been built in 1946 as an extension to the original structure. The rear of this building had to be underpinned and jacked up five times in order to finally settle it on the roof of the subway station. In the process, the structure was severely damaged. New students were discouraged from enrolling, adding to the financial concerns of keeping the institution afloat.²

In February 1961, now ready to resign, Homewood wearily reported to the CMCC Board of Directors that:

The new academic year commenced much as customary, except that C.M.C.C. was still having to use temporary laboratories in 57–59 Prince Arthur Ave., a cut 80 feet wide was gaping under and behind the college building, dirt, dust, noise and commotion were the order of the day. Thirty-six students were commencing the course, a very slight increase over the previous three years but not a sufficient number to operate economically. Despite the pressure brought to bear by the profession to raise college entrance requirements to Ontario Secondary School Honour Graduation, or equivalent, little was accomplished on the legislative front to raise the licensing requirement to a corresponding level. More students than ever were crossing to colleges in the U.S.A., requiring only four years of high school, since their provincial licensing boards would accept them upon their return …

At the September meeting of the Board of Management the undersigned requested that a dean and administrator be sought to take over the operation of C.M.C.C., since frustration, disillusionment, lack of support and general stress were taking a higher health toll than considered justified. It is very flattering to have a desk full of complimentary letters, but not very helpful in the operation of a college. The average contribution per Canadian chiropractor to the cornerstone of the profession is less than ten dollars ($10) per year. If this is all the college is worth to the profession, it is not worth the effort expended over these last sixteen years.⁴⁰

The Hiatus

Earl Homewood stepped down from his position as president and administrator in May 1961, and resigned as dean in August of that year.⁴¹ He briefly relocated to the gulf coast of Florida where he worked on his subluxation text.² His rest and recuperation phase were cut short, however, when “pressure was brought to bear”² for him to accept a post at Lincoln Chiropractic College (LCC) in Indianapolis. Homewood served as business administrator in the cabinet of President Lewis F. Bierman, M.A., D.C. during 1962–64;¹ his primary responsibilities involved increasing enrollment and improving the physical facilities. He also found time for clinical (e.g., 42) and legal scholarship (e.g., 43). However, once again he ran afoul of a college board. According to Dr. Homewood, “the chairman of the board made life so uncomfortable for Dr. Bierman that he resigned, and so did I.”²

Earl maintained his ties with CMCC. During his two years at LCC, he accepted a chore for the Canadian school: to prepare evidence on behalf of CMCC for use in the arbitration hearings the College had entered into with Metro Toronto. The ex-president was compensated for these efforts.⁴⁵ He also traveled to Toronto “to appear as a witness at the arbitration hearings.”² Brown¹ characterized him as the College’s “chief witness” in these proceedings. William D. Harper, Jr., M.S., D.C. credited Dr. Homewood and Clarence W. Weiant, D.C., Ph.D., as the principal authors of “Chiropractic Today,” a white paper issued by a 1965 ad hoc committee of the American Chiropractic Association in pursuit of standardization of chiropractic principles.⁴⁶ Dr. Harper subsequently recommended Earl for “enshrinement” in the Texas Chiropractic College’s Hall of Honor.⁴⁷

Brown¹ relates a generally forgotten chapter in his mentor’s career in chiropractic education, which followed his service in Indianapolis:

In 1965 he became Dean Designate of a chiropractic college being planned as part of Brandon University in Manitoba. Brandon University wanted to assimilate CMCC and liquidate all its assets in Toronto but Dr. Homewood vociferously objected to this proposal for fear that once this was accomplished, the Brandon facility would be abandoned. Instead, he wanted to keep both Colleges operational. However, the provincial government in Manitoba changed and the President of Brandon University, John E. Robbins, Ph.D., resigned. This killed CMCC’s hopes of affiliation.

Homewood² related that the provincial association became discouraged with all the complications and “decided to give up the venture.” And there was yet another short detour in Homewood’s Canadian career, when he accepted a position with the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic (LACC):

Dr. A.E. Homewood, well known author and educator of Toronto Canada, will head the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, department of Principles and Practice, starting with the winter semester on January 24th according to Dr. Geo. Haynes, Dean of the College.

Dean Emeritus of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Dr. Homewood has recently published the second in a series of books of interest in the profession.

His latest volume, “The Chiropractor and the Law” is an up-to-date manual for the guidance of the professional man in his practice and business affairs. His first book, “The Neurodynamics of the Vertebral Subluxation,” has already become a classic in chiropractic literature – used in most of the colleges as a teaching text for the students (48).

Homewood² placed the flirtation with Brandon University in 1966, during his first stint with LACC. In any case, his stay in California was very brief, and he soon came home to Toronto. Once again he accepted a CMCC assignment and commenced an odyssey throughout the provinces:

In the summer of 1966 Earl returned to Toronto to raise funds for CMCC. Between December 1966 and April 1967, he sold $250,000 in debentures bearing interest at 7% per annum, to the chiropractic profession across Canada. This money was used to help pay off a $500,000 mortgage in 12% interest.¹

This solid success eventually prompted his reappointment as president and dean of the CMCC on 15 May 1967,^1,49,50 succeeding Robert N. Thompson, D.C., M.P. and Herbert M. Himes, D.C. (president and dean, respectively). Earl was back in the saddle. His second term as president saw the arrival of several students who had transferred from the recently established Anglo-European College of Chiropractic:

The Transfer of Students from AECC to CMCC

In September 1965, 18 new students from all over the world became the founding class of the Anglo-European College of Chiropractic (AECC) in Bournemouth, England. The College was the result of years of work by a number of chiropractors from England and Europe. The College was located in a large house at 2 Cavendish Road, in an exclusive area of Bournemouth. The Dean, Dr. Robert Beech, was one of the chief proponents of the need for a European College. The only full-time faculty member during the College’s first year of operation was Dr. Sidney Cooke, who had been recruited from Palmer College in Davenport, Iowa.

During the spring of 1967, in the second academic year of the College’s existence, disagreements between Dr. Cooke and the Board and the Administration resulted in his dismissal from the College. The students, particularly those in the foundation class were very disturbed by this turn of events and felt that the quality of their education was threatened. In an attempt to bring a resolution to the issue the students decided to go on strike. Both classes were involved but the members of the foundation class were more involved in the organisation of the strike because they felt that their education would suffer the most. The strike lasted for approximately six weeks. It was a serious matter and involved discussions with the Board of Governors and representatives of the Swiss Chiropractic Association, which was the largest and strongest in Europe at the time, and had provided significant financial support to the College. The matter remained unresolved as far as the students were concerned. Disciplinary action was taken against two students who were expelled. Letters were sent to the North American Colleges informing them of the names of the students who had been involved in organising the strike and requesting that they not be considered for admission.

After the six weeks the majority of the first year class returned and continued with their education. A few members of the foundation class returned but were disheartened by the outcome of the strike. They were disappointed by the replacement of Dr. Cooke by Dr. Singharajah whose PhD in marine biology did not appear to have any relevance to chiropractic. Morale was at an all time low. At this point Lynton Giles decided to fly to Toronto to determine whether there was any chance of transferring to the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC). He met with Dr. Earl Homewood who decided that he would accept those who decided to apply. Lynton returned to Bournemouth and discussed his visit with the other students. Nine students decided to apply for transfer to CMCC and all were accepted with credit for first year with the proviso that they not be involved in any student activity for a one year period. They began their programme in September 1967 with the class of 1970 who were just starting their second year. They maintained a programme similar to that of the rest of the class of >70 with the exception that they had additional technique classes with Dr. Homewood, who spent much of the class time teaching how to position oneself to ensure maximum mechanical advantage to deliver the adjustment while ensuring protection of oneself.

The students who transferred were:

From England: Nigel Lycett, Jean Moss, Darry Tribe and Michael Vangen.

From Denmark: Ole Brigsted, Poul Løwe-Madsen, and Fritz Staal Petersen.

From South Africa: Lynton Giles and from New Zealand: Ron King.

Of those students who remained, many left to go to other chiropractic colleges or to continue with other careers. Ultimately, Robert Melville was the only one of the foundation class to graduate from AECC. In retrospect, it is interesting to look at CMCC’s financial statements of the time to note that the college was in a precarious financial position. The addition of nine fee paying students made a positive financial impact on the institution.

The nine students who came to CMCC for the most part had little money, in fact many arrived with little more than one month’s rent and one term’s tuition fees. They had to work to maintain themselves and pay tuition. They acquired a variety of jobs such as waitress, hospital orderly, taxi driver, etc., and assumed a full-time workload. Despite these encroachments on their study time they all did well in the programme.

As a group these students have gone on to make significant contributions to the chiropractic profession throughout the world. Dr. Lynton Giles has become a world renowned researcher, and author of many publications which have added to the body of knowledge of chiropractic. Dr. Ron King has been a faculty member at CMCC for many years and was also the Dean at AECC from 1983 to 1986. Dr. Jean Moss has been a faculty member at CMCC since 1971 and has been President of the College since 1991. Dr. Michael Vangen has been very active in the development of the chiropractic profession and the AECC in the United Kingdom. Dr. Poul Løwe-Madsen has been active in the politics of the profession in Denmark and has had input into the development of the programme at the University of Odense.⁵¹

The Bayview Campus

Homewood’s cross-Canada trek on behalf of the College was prompted in part by changes in the nation’s banking system:

In the 1960s the banks in Canada decided to put an end to the carrying of large overdrafts for their customers and required them to take out loans or mortgages to cover the amount. CMCC had an overdraft of approximately $500,000 and could only cover that amount by taking a mortgage on the property. Our bank (The Bank of Montreal) was unwilling to take on the mortgage. Unless we could find some way to cover this indebtedness, CMCC was in an impossible situation.⁵²

Homewood’s success in raising $250,000 from the field increased the institution’s credit worthiness, and permitted a loan of $250,000 to pay off the mortgage on the Bloor Street campus at lower interest rates.² However, there was still no satisfactory resolution of the property dispute with Metro Toronto, and the need for more room for College operations persisted. In December 1967 the College reported to the profession that some resolution was near at hand:

The award against Metropolitan Toronto for the expropriation of property, damage and inconvenience caused during the construction of the double level subway station is still being awaited with bated breath. The Supreme Court of Canada should soon hand down its decision and that will complete our case which began in April, 1959, by the expropriation of part of our land and building. The losses suffered, the additional property that it was necessary to purchase, and the legal costs of fifty-eight days in arbitration, an appeal to the Ontario Supreme Court and then to the Supreme Court of Canada has seriously compromised the financial resources of the College. However, the acquisition of an acre of land in one of the most desirable locations in the city has provided an asset of some one and a half millions of dollars and provides an excellent bargaining position.

Plans are progressing favourably for a completely new plant for C.M.C.C. with the most modern of facilities and equipment. The profession in Canada has been asked to purchase debentures, paying 7% interest, to take care of the financial “bind” until the Supreme Court decision is handed down and any necessary mortgage has been arranged to consolidate the present encumbrance upon the property. The arbitrators award was for $770,000.00 plus interest at 5% from December, 1959. This was reduced to $143,000, plus interest and the return of title to the property on appeal by the city. The final determination is likely to fall between those two figures.⁵³

The final step in the CMCC’s long struggle over its Bloor Street campus was not favorable:

The final and binding decision by the Supreme Court of Canada was handed down January 23, 1968, in the case of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College vs. Metropolitan Toronto. The Supreme Court had heard the case early in June, 1967, and dismissed the action, leaving the decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal to stand.

This action was caused by the expropriation (condemnation proceedings in the U.S.A.) of an 80 foot wide strip of land through the centre of the College’s property in April, 1959, subsequent underpinning of the building with serious damage, disruption of normal operation of the College for 32 months, loss of income, increased expenses, etc. To fix compensation the case was taken before an arbitrator in May, 1962, who fixed the award at $770,000, plus 5% interest from December 15, 1959, but did not return title to the property.

Metropolitan Toronto took the case to the Ontario Court of Appeal where title to the property was returned but the award reduced to $143,500, plus interest on $93,500 from December, 1959.

C.M.C.C. appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada and counsel presented the case early in June, 1967, and the decision came down in January, 1968. This is final and irrevocable, so C.M.C.C. will receive only $143,500, plus interest, but finds itself with a cause of action in law against Toronto Transit Commission which was responsible for the construction of the subway. The damages and losses have been considerable and continue. However, the experience of having to fight the “establishment” and the serious financial hardship caused by this expropriation and litigation raise serious doubts as to whether another creature of the municipality, backed by the tax payers’ money, should be engaged in legal combat. The stakes are high, but so are the costs at a time when financial anemia has the patient, C.M.C.C. in a serious, if not grave, condition.⁵⁴

Overwhelmed by the costs of litigation, the College elected not to pursue its case against the Toronto Transit Commission. Instead, the CMCC chose to develop its properties around the subway’s incursion. Howard L. Gauthier, D.C. and Donald C. Sutherland, D.C. comprised the school’s “Planning and Development Committee,” and sought options for the institution. Sutherland⁵² recalled the formation of this committee:

… Dr. Gauthier [chairman of CMCC’s board] reminded the members of the Board that meetings had been held with several developers in an effort to resolve the real estate dilemma but without success. The developers expected CMCC to provide the necessary funding to initiate our building plans, but the College had no such resources. The Chairman also stated that his “greatest frustration in these matters was the slow progress in co-ordinating development plans.” Several developers had made the point that:

… the members (of the Board) must give sole authority to one or two members to act on their behalf in these dealings.⁵²

Board members Hamilton and Marshall moved to vest authority for the negotiations in Drs. Gauthier and Sutherland, their authority to continue until 31 August 1967.⁵² Meanwhile, Homewood was still occupied with the Brandon University project. Minutes of the annual meeting of the Chiropractors’ Association of Saskatchewan (CAS) for 3–4 February 1967 noted that:

Regarding the Brandon Chiropractic College, Dr. L.R.W. Hamilton (CAS director on the CMCC Board of Directors) indicated that the Manitoba Government decided to build three campuses instead of two, the money had been split three ways, and there was not enough money to build the science building, which was necessary for the College. After the science building was built then the building for Chiropractic would have next priority.

President of Brandon College was to meet with the Senate of the University and make a public statement by April of 1968, whether or not the Chiropractic College would be located at Brandon. The president of the College of Western Manitoba at Brandon was very positive that this would be made public as soon as it was accepted by the University Senate.⁵²

Soon afterward, “there was a change in the Administration at Brandon and, in addition, the Government of Manitoba was defeated in an election. This spelled the end of our Brandon project”.⁵² Disappointing as this turn of events was, it freed up Dr. Homewood’s time for other matters, ultimately to the CMCC’s benefit. Sutherland, who was then serving as executive director of the Canadian Chiropractic Association (CCA) as well as public relations director for the CMCC and member of the institution’s Planning & Development Committee, recalled that:

… I had made the acquaintance of Mr. Ernest Brooker, President of the Global Life Insurance Company which carried the group life insurance program for the CCA’s membership. I arranged to meet with him to discuss the College’s dilemma and to ask whether Global Life would consider taking over the mortgage. He expressed regret that his company was not in the mortgage business but offered to introduce me to a man who might be able to help us. His name was Gerhardt [Gerry] Moog and he was in Spain building apartments but would be returning to Toronto in about one month’s time. Arrangements were made to meet with him at the earliest possible date …

We met in the head office of Canada Square Corporation, of which Moog was the president. It was located on the penthouse floor of a high-rise office building which the Corporation had built next to the Eglinton Subway Station. After hearing our story his first question was “which bank has your account?” On being told that it was the Bank of Montreal, Gerry said “Well, that’s my bank too. I think if you could persuade the profession to take on half that mortgage I could convince the bank to accept the other half.” We expressed our appreciation to Mr. Moog for his interest and support and headed for the door. Just as we were leaving, Howard Gauthier turned back and in a somewhat joking tone said, “Gerry, it’s too bad you don’t have another piece of property you could trade for our land on Bloor Street. That might solve our problems.”

A week or two later Gauthier received a telephone call from Moog who said: “You know, Howard, that light-hearted comment you made as you were leaving my office was not really a joke after all. It just happens that I do have some property on Bayview Avenue that you might like to look at.” Our Planning and Development Committee (Gauthier and Sutherland) met with Moog on Bayview Avenue just south of Sunnybrook Hospital and across the road from the Canadian National Institute for the Blind to assess the possibilities. The site was …on a bus route that connected at both ends with the Yonge Street subway. To the Committee it appeared to have great promise.⁵²

Gauthier and Sutherland negotiated with Moog and his staff to arrange and sign, on behalf of CMCC, a binding agreement with the land developer. Sutherland⁵² recalled that:

It was during these various developments with the Canada Square Corporation that thoughts began to turn toward Earl Homewood. His work with Brandon and the CCA was winding down … It was proposed to CMCC’s Board that since Homewood had more free time than previously, perhaps he could be employed as a fund-raiser to travel across the country and raise debentures from members of the profession to cover one half of the mortgage as Moog had suggested … Homewood tackled the job with enthusiasm …

The developer’s original proposal called for a facility comprising 34,000 feet,¹ but this was later expanded at Homewood’s urging.¹ Homewood² subsequently explained:

We became involved almost immediately with a developer, Mr. Gerhardt Moog, M-O-O-G, who saw the wisdom in building a suitable facility on property that he owned at the north end of the city. He traded two acres of his land and the building for the holdings on Bloor Street West. I became deeply involved in the details of this very complex trade of properties and construction of a new 54,000-square-foot facility for the CMCC. The year became very hectic with the need for rezoning of the property at the north end, and [with] the purchase of the adjoining property to the east which the city of Toronto had expropriated. The college held a first-offer-to-purchase [on the eastern parcel of land]. Mr. Moog also needed this section of property to build the proposed facility for the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. I was deeply involved in all of these projects and worked with his architect to prepare the new plant for CMCC. It had been my goal for many years to see CMCC in a new facility that had been built for the purpose of a college. By the Christmas-New Year break in 1968–1969, the move was made into this new location at 1900 Bayview Avenue in Toronto, although not all of the inside finishing was complete.

Born in Eisenach, Germany on 27 January 1927 and politically well-connected in Ontario, Gerhardt (Gerry) Moog had studied engineering and economics at the University of Karlsruhe before immigrating to Halifax in 1951. He arrived in Toronto in 1953, became a real estate developer and eventually founded the Canada Square Corporation, Ltd.⁵⁵ His aid to CMCC eventually earned him an honorary degree in humanities, awarded by the College at its commencement exercises in June 1971.^56–58

Arranging the details for CMCC’s new facility was a complex process, which further taxed the College and its president:

Never has the administration experienced a more hectic year than this past one. The deal to trade the one acre of downtown property for two acres of land, two new buildings and connecting gymnasium-auditorium has been fraught by all manner of unexpected complications. It took more than a year to have the property rezoned to permit the construction of the college, involving more than 20 meetings with the Planning Board and the Council, as well as many public meetings to hear the rate payers. Never was there objection to the college, but violent objection to a proposed apartment building for the adjoining three acres owned by the developer.

Attention can now be turned to the task of fund raising, since the bulldozers and shovels are diligently digging the excavation for foundations. By working double shifts, the architect assures us that possession will be possible by the first of September and CMCC will be in its new home. Once this has been completed it is the desire to purchase the other three acres, build a dormitory building with swimming pool, and then move on to the construction of a chiropractic hospital.⁵⁹

Homewood announced the plans to the field in June.⁶⁰ Although he anticipated occupying the new facilities by September 1968, the move was delayed until the year’s end.⁶¹ In a mid-year PR release to the Canadian profession,⁶² the Planning & Development Committee enthusiastically described the new facilities and their surroundings, although the earlier plans for construction of an apartment/dormitory complex and chiropractic hospital facilities had been curtailed. The College gratefully noted that the Ontario Chiropractic Association and “four western provinces have each raised their dues” for the purpose of aiding the heavily tuition-dependent institution.⁶¹ Meanwhile, arrangements were made for a gala celebration to dedicate the new campus.

On 16 December 1968 the new classrooms at the Bayview campus were first occupied. The following month, Homewood turned over his duties as academic dean to 1949 CMCC alumnus and longtime faculty member Herbert J. Vear, D.C. The appointment, which followed a “grueling interview process by the CMCC Board and Dr. A.E. Homewood”,⁶³ was resisted by elements within the teaching staff. At a faculty meeting wherein Vear’s appointment was called into question, “Homewood, literally, lowered the boom”⁶³ in his defense of the new dean. Four of the dissenting faculty left during the spring semester and were promptly replaced by Dean Vear.

On Saturday, 8 March 1969 at 2PM the CMCC family (see Table 4) dedicated its new campus. Several members of the Ontario and federal parliaments offered their greetings and best wishes, and a welcome was extended by James Service, mayor of the borough of North York. L.R.W. Hamilton, D.C., a member of CMCC’s Board of Directors, presented greetings from the Canadian Chiropractic Association (CCA) in his capacity as president of that national organization. Robert N. Thompson, D.C., M.P. spoke on behalf of former CMCC presidents. John A. Fisher, Ed.D., director of education for the American Chiropractic Association (ACA), was the designated “guest speaker,” and Joseph Janse, D.C., N.D., president of the National College of Chiropractic, briefly spoke on behalf of American chiropractic college presidents. Additional representatives of the ACA, the ICA and the “World Chiropractic Organization” were also in attendance.⁶⁴ The formal ceremonies concluded with the refrain, “God Save the Queen,” and were followed by refreshments and a tour of the new facilities.

Table 4.

Members of the CMCC’s Board of Directors and administrative staff (from the dedication program pamphlet, 8 March 1969)

Board of Directors	Board of Directors	Administrative Staff
A.D. Moore, D.C., Oakville, Ontario, Chairman	L.R.W. Hamilton, D.C., Regina P. Martin, D.C., Hamilton, Ontario	A. Earl Homewood, D.P.T., D.C., N.D., LL.B., President
A.D. Bennett, D.C., Toronto	R.A. Oswald, D.C., Stoney Creek	Herbert J. Vear, D.C., Academic Dean
M. Bonvouloir, D.C., Montreal	D.M. Proudlock, D.C., Edmonton
David A. Churchill, D.C., Dundas, Ontario	J.D. Rennicks, D.C., Toronto G.G. Reynolds, D.C., Port Alberni, British Columbia	Donald C. Sutherland, D.C., Executive Secretary
Jerome S. DeLaurier, D.C., Stouffville, Ontario	F. Soloduka, D.C., Toronto	J. Tolfree, D.C., Registrar
G.L. Ferguson, D.C., Winnipeg Norman W. Grizzle, D.C., Toronto

Construction of three structures, named after CMCC pioneers John S. Clubine, D.C., John A. Henderson, D.C. and Walter T. Sturdy, D.C., was more or less completed at the time of the dedication, although interior modifications continued.⁶⁵ The four-story Henderson Building included classrooms, laboratories, the library and a cafeteria, while the Sturdy Building was intended to house the training clinic as well as the administrative offices of the College, the CCA and the Ontario Chiropractic Association. The central, below-ground auditorium/gymnasium which connected the Henderson and Sturdy buildings was named the Clubine Auditorium in honor of the College’s first dean. At age 92, Dr. Sturdy was the only survivor of these three pioneers, but was unable to make the trek from Vancouver to attend the ceremonies.⁶⁴

It was a moment for the College and the Canadian profession to pause and reflect upon what had been accomplished in the CMCC’s first quarter-century of operations. Congratulations poured in from throughout the profession; the registrar’s office was furnished with a contribution from Drs. Dan and Howard Spears of Denver, in honor of their uncle, the late Leo L. Spears, D.C.⁶⁶ However, the moment of reflection would have to be brief, for the College was in the midst of a semester, and new challenges continued to present themselves. Home-wood later recalled that:

Enrollments had been running consistently at approximately 50 students at September registration, with no mid-year enrollments. For this reason, the classrooms were planned for 72 students and the laboratories for 36. However, as the first enrollment in 1969 drew to a close, we found we had an accepted enrollment of about 110. This necessitated some drastic changes in the layout and use of the new facilities. The cafeteria had to be moved from its original location to uncommitted space on the second floor of another college building. New doors had to be cut into the outside walls and many drastic changes made. However, by enrollment date all was ready, and classes commenced as scheduled, although there was an entirely new schedule developed during those last several weeks. Since that time, the enrollment at CMCC has continued to expand, and it runs at capacity with a sizeable number of applications having to be rejected each year. Within several years, an addition [to the new campus] was added to accommodate the ever-expanding student body.²

Fall from Grace

At the peak of his accomplishments on behalf of the CMCC, Homewood was abruptly removed from office as president and administrator of the school in the fall of 1969¹ and given two weeks severance pay.⁶⁷ In later years he reflected on this bitter pill: “The board of directors met once per year in October, and at that meeting I was summarily dismissed without any discussion or any cause given, and to this day do not know the reasons for the board action.”² He certainly had his suspicions, however, as reflected in several letters written at the time. One was directed to the CMCC’s board itself:

It has come to my attention that the claim was circulated, maliciously or negligently, that I had kept a letter from Dr. F.C. Peters, President of Waterloo Lutheran University, unanswered for an extended period of time and was opposed to investigating some form of affiliation with W.L.U. This is merely one example of some staff members circulating stories without first obtaining the facts …

Now, let’s get the record straight as to my attitude toward university association for C.M.C.C.:–

1. I am enthusiastically for the prestige, transfer of credits and, especially, the financial grants and subsidization;

2. In the light of the history of the eclectics, homeopaths and osteopaths I would be cautious about adding C.M.C.C.’s assets to the common pot of a university, since they could never be recovered;

3. I do not worship at the shrine of any university, nor believe that all brains reside in an university;

4. Most of the teaching at C.M.C.C. is equal to the average in university;

5. An extended course without extended privileges at a time when many more Ds. C. are required could well mitigate against enrolment, especially, at a time when the course for the M.D. is being shortened without loosing face;

6. Failure of the chiropractic course by holders of baccalaureate degrees has not been uncommon, thus university education is not necessarily an assurance of success in college or practice.

Therefore, with many additional thoughts, I am interested in enthusiastically exploring the possibilities of an association that would provide the benefits, but safeguard the future of Canadian chiropractic education. Let us not take the same road, or another of our own making, to hell and oblivion that has been trod by others. Prestige for present practitioners may be bought at the expense of loss of another healing art.

By all means, let investigation continue and an attempt be made, but with due caution.⁶⁸

Another letter from Homewood, apparently directed to the field, suggested that his termination reflected a struggle over the administrative control of the institution:

Dear Doctor:–

“The old order changeth” – at C.M.C.C. The President was ousted without explanation in accord with a plan formulated, apparently, last summer, since Dr. Alex Cameron of Chicago knew in July, Dr. John Kuruliak before coming to the clinic in Aug. and the Registrar was taking a business administration course this fall …

In May, 1963, CMCC paid the Canadian Associates Business Consultants for a report which said in part, “The lack of decisive leadership, combined with the failure to provide sufficient authority to those to whom responsibilities are given, the absence of a clear chain of command, plus other factors are primarily responsible for the intolerable situation the College finds itself in – administrative as well as financially.” (by a Ph.D. in Economics).

“I suggest that government by committee has been tried often enough that its failure to cope with each of these three functions (of a president) may safely be predicted.” – Dr. D.C. Williams, President and Vice-Chancellor, The University of Western Ontario, in an article “Who Shall Govern?” –July, Canadian University & College magazine.

For telling the Boards these truths, I lost my job, since it bruised the egos of Board members, although no criticism of the conscientious effort of Board members was intended. The system was the issue, not personalities. Busy practitioners cannot be expected to be able to administer a college. This is the job of employees who are supposed to be knowledgeable in their field.

At least the amendment to the By-laws, creating the office of President and providing him with reasonable authority, was passed, so the next president should be able to operate in a more realistic and business-like manner …

Individuals come and go at CMCC, but the institution must continue to be the first source of concern and has earned the right to the moral, financial and student referral support of every Canadian chiropractor. No profession can be better or stronger than its educational institution(s). My most sincere desire is to encourage every Canadian chiropractor to do his part to assure a strong and vibrant CMCC ….⁶⁹

A tug of war between the CMCC’s governing/policy body (Board of Directors) and its administrative officers (e.g., president, administrator, administrative dean, academic dean, registrar) would continue for a number of years, with resolution and separation of duties and prerogatives not resolved until the College committed itself to accreditation by the Council on Chiropractic Education-Canada.⁷⁰ Vear⁷¹ has described Dr. Homewood as a “victim” of the lack of separation between presidential and trustees’ authority. History has provided vindication for the beleaguered Dr. Homewood.

At the time of his termination, however, the campus community reacted with passion. A former student of that period recalls that:

… Dr. Earl Homewood was respected and loved by all the student body as he continuously and unrelentingly provided his precious time to assist students in any academic area of difficulty that they were experiencing. Dr. Earl Homewood had successfully won the hearts and souls of the student body over his continuous dedication to producing a better chiropractor for the sick and ailing of our society. For many students he became a role model to emulate.

At that time, in 1969, student body was a rift with rumours. The main rumour was that Dr. Earl Homewood was being forced into retirement by the senate, and other aspiring and ambitious persons, in the hope that they could elevate their position and perhaps even occupy his position at the college. Dr. Homewood was given the illusion that he was being forced into retirement for his own good health. As we all know, Dr. Homewood always appeared somewhat sickly.

Although Dr. Homewood always appeared somewhat sickly, he was a tower of strength and resistance, and there was no indication that mismanagement or incompetence through him was an issue which would require address by the senate or others. Unfortunately, the senate and the aspiring others were successful at eliminating Dr. Homewood from his position, however, they were still going to have to deal with the serious discontent of the students at this dismissal. As a consequence of this, they organized an assembly of the student body in the auditorium to make this retirement notification “official” for Dr. Earl Homewood.

They commenced the process of addressing the student body, in the absence of Dr. Homewood, and when he was called for, Dr. Homewood entered the auditorium. As [he entered], the whole student body rose to its feet and gave him a resounding applause, which continued not for a few seconds but for many, many, many, many minutes. Even after Dr. Homewood had reached the podium and microphone, the applause was continuing.

What now became apparent was the obvious discomfort and concern of the members of the senate and others who were on the stage platform, as they were quite sure they were about to encounter a student revolt. The applause continued on, and on, and on. Dr. Homewood very graciously approached the podium, looked at his student body and waved to us, at which time the applause increased in magnitude and duration. Quite clearly now the senate, and the others who were removing Dr. Homewood, were feeling noticeably and visibly disturbed and concerned … [He] allowed them to suffer for a few additional minutes.

Finally, Dr. Homewood raised both his hands to the audience, to quiet us … there was instantaneous cessation of applause. Clearly, what this had shown to the senate and others was that Dr. Homewood had complete and total control over the student body. Dr. Homewood then greeted the audience with a traditional greeting, which was “As the cow said to the milkmaid one frosty morning, thanks for the warm hand.” The student body responded with more applause and laughter … always … a gentleman, a scholar, and discrete, [he] did not furnish more information or fuel the fires of discontent among the students. He gracefully accepted the inevitable and thanked the student body for their support … I feel it is absolutely important that … future generations of chiropractors recognize the great spirit of giving and respect that we had for the late Dr. Earl Homewood …[and] that he be remembered for the outstanding contribution, the love, respect, and understanding that he instilled in his students.⁷²

The Final Years

Earl’s absence from chiropractic education was very brief. In 1970 he was named assistant administrative dean at the LACC. In this capacity he supervised operations on that school’s Glendale campus, while George Haynes, D.C., M.S., administrative dean and CEO of the LACC since 1952, focused his attention on securing federal recognition of the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE-USA).^7,73,74 Haynes was named president of the California school in 1974, at which time Homewood assumed the post of administrative dean.

These were active and productive years for the supposedly ailing Canadian chiropractor. He served as secretary of the CCE-USA during the presidency of Orval Hidde, D.C., J.D., and as secretary-treasurer and later as vice president of the Council during the administration of Leonard E. Fay, D.C. (7, p. 243). Meanwhile, Dr. Home-wood’s administrative responsibilities at the LACC had involved increasing student enrollments, at which he was decidedly effective. The student body, which had shrunk to 180 in June 1971 as a result of the implementation of a two-year, liberal arts college requirement for admission, grew to more than 360 matriculants three years later,^75,76 this no doubt attributable in part to CCE’s federal recognition. Earl stressed the need for more space, and collaborated with Drs. Glenn Olson and Jay D. Kirby to launch a statewide fund-raising campaign for the LACC, with the goal of purchasing a new, larger campus. He recalled:

We began a building program to increase the classroom facilities for LACC, and since we were still unable to find a suitable location for the college, built a classroom building on the old campus. As the months passed, Dr. Haynes was forced to take more and more time off, and I assumed more of his duties, until in 1976, he came in one morning and cleared out his desk. [He] told me that he would not be back and [that I should] carry on as president. This transfer of authority and responsibility caused no ripple within the student body or staff (2).

Earl also took his place in the classroom and continued the teaching career begun a quarter century earlier in Toronto. As well, he continued his frequent contributions to the chiropractic literature (Table 3). When Haynes resigned as CEO of the LACC in 1976, Homewood was named his successor. In May 1976 the College announced:

Dr. George Haynes has retired as president of the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic. He was instrumental in the HEW accreditation of the Council on Chiropractic Education … Named as acting president of LACC is Dr. A. Earl Homewood until September 1, at which time he will assume the presidency.⁷⁷

This time his presidency lasted only a few months: in November the LACC named W. Heath Quigley, D.C., former acting CEO at Palmer College of Chiropractic, as its new president. Once again, Homewood had run afoul of college trustees:

… Several [members of] the board began moving into the administration of the college rather than taking responsibility for policy and other board duties. One of the faculty was promoted to dean without my knowledge or consent. [This] was contrary to the administrative manual, since the president was responsible for the hiring and firing of all staff. Rather than causing any unpleasantness, I resigned and returned to Florida.²

His sabbatical in the Sunshine State was brief. In short order several calls were received from the northwest:

Within a few months I was invited to take over the presidency of the Naturopathic College in Portland, Oregon. I also had an invitation to join the staff of Western States Chiropractic College. [The invitation came from] from the president, Dr. Richard Timmins, with whom I had worked for several years on the Council on Education. At that time, Western States was on its present campus and was enjoying a period of prosperity and adequate enrollment. Over the years, Western States has maintained a broad-scope education and scope of practice in Oregon and has had an influence upon the state of Washington, which has always been restrictive in its outlook on the chiropractic practice.

I chose to return to Portland to my alma mater, Western States College. However, when I arrived in Portland and Western States, Dr. Timmins had been relieved of his duties, and Dr. Herbert J. Vear was promoted from vice president to president. Dr. Vear had been a student of mine at CMCC in our first class beginning in 1945. I had hired Dr. Vear to teach while I was the administrative dean, and when I took over as president-dean, I had promoted him to the position of dean …

Of course, I had known some of the senior staff members for many years and had socialized with them at various conventions and speaking engagements throughout the country. I had known Dr. Appa Anderson and Dr. Richard Stonebrink for many years. Dr. John H. Jeffries joined the faculty shortly after I did, and we had adjoining offices. Both of us had many years of experience in the profession and shared many similar views. We became close friends. Paul Shervey, Ph.D., and Dr. (inaudible), who was chairman of the department in which I served, were on very friendly terms also. Dr. Michael Carnes had begun his teaching career in chiropractic at the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic while I was on the administrative staff there. Subsequently, he became a student of chiropractic and completed his education in chiropractic at Western States and joined their staff.

After three years with WSCC I turned sixty-five years old, and Dr. Tolar [WSCC vice president] used this as an opportunity to have me retire and get me out of his field of concern. I had not intended to retire quite so soon, but I sold my house in Portland and returned to St. Petersburg, Florida, where I remain in complete retirement …²

In 1980 Dr. Homewood traveled to the Spears Chiropractic Hospital in Denver to participate in the formation of the Association for the History of Chiropractic (AHC). The following year he visited Toronto to receive an “honorary Doctor of Laws” (LL.D.) at the CMCC’s commencement exercises. The award was presented jointly by his former pupils, Dr. Herbert Vear, president of Western States Chiropractic College, and Donald C. Sutherland, D.C., president of CMCC. In 1982 the AHC awarded its second honorary membership to Earl,⁷⁸ and subsequently created its Lee-Homewood Chiropractic Heritage Award in honor of Dr. Homewood and Lyndon E. Lee, D.C. In his final years Earl continued his literary contributions to the periodic literature (Table 3). In 1983 he published a revised edition of his mentor’s (Homer G. Beatty, D.C., N.D.’s) 1939 text, Anatomical Adjustive Technique.¹ His final contribution, published in Dynamic Chiropractic, boldly challenged the utility of the then budding chiropractic research enterprise.⁷⁹

The Homewood Legacy

This exceptional man will be remembered in several quarters and for many contributions. His involvement with chiropractic education included affiliation with the Council on Chiropractic Education and at least five chiropractic schools as student, teacher and administrator: the CMCC, LACC, Lincoln, the University of Natural Healing Arts and Western States College. His contributions to the chiropractic literature were numerous and significant, and if his scholarship was homegrown, it was nonetheless pioneering and sincere. He was a man of strong convictions, and perhaps none stronger than his commitment to CMCC and the training of future generations of chiropractors:

This prejudiced, ex-college administrator would say with conviction, “This I Believe, that this profession needs an awakening of respect, support and enthusiasm for the cornerstone of any profession – its educational institutions and its accrediting agency, C.C.E.” All other activities may be important, but the colleges are ESSENTIAL for survival …”.⁸⁰

Earl Homewood passed away at his home in St. Petersburg, Florida on 20 February 1990. Beloved by many despite his crusty style, Earl Homewood was “a bridge between two chiropractic worlds”:⁸¹ the chiropractic of mid-century and the modern profession. Repeatedly turned out by several of the schools he served so well, he stepped past any bitterness and looked for better days. “‘We have a great past,’ he smiled, ‘but a better future’” (Homewood, quoted in 81). His prominent place in chiropractic history is secure.

Figure 1.

View of the Toronto waterfront, 1932 (NCA photo collection).

Figure 2.

Sketch of badge worn by participants at the National Chiropractic Association’s 1938 convention in Toronto (NCA photo collection).

Figure 3.

Participants at the NCA’s 1938 Toronto convention gathered at Niagara Falls for this group photograph.

Figure 4.

NCA’s leaders gather for this photo during an outing in 1938; left to right are: Janet Holdaway, D.C.; John A. Schnick, D.C.; Gertrude Hinshaw, D.C.; C. Sterling Cooley, D.C.; Wilbern Lawrence, D.C.; Kelly C. Robinson, D.C.; C.O. Watkins, D.C. and John S. Clubine, D.C. (NCA photo collection).

Figure 5.

Dr. Homer G. Beatty, president of Colorado Chiropractic University (CCU), circa 1925; the CCU later became the University of Natural Healing Arts (UNHA).

Figure 6.

Among those attending the 1946 dedication of the monument to D.D. Palmer in Port Perry, Ontario were UNHA President Beatty (far left) and the UNHA’s Vice President, Neal Bishop, D.C. (far right).

Figure 7.

Young Earl Homewood.

Figure 8.

Colorado state senator Neal Bishop, D.C., circa 1949 (courtesy of Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City).

Figure 9a.

Dr. W.A. Budden, president of Western States College, School of Chiropractic & School of Naturopathy, circa 1950.

Figure 9b.

Campus of Western States College in Portland, Oregon circa 1938.

Figure 10.

Robert E. Elliot, D.C., president of Western States College, circa 1961.

Figure 11.

Dr. Earl Homewood is seen here (center) in a photo of members of the American Society of Military Chiropractors, which appeared in the May 1947 issue of the National Chiropractic Journal. The journal caption reads: “Commander Frank O. Logic (right) being greeted by R.M. Newitt, President at A.S.M.C. meeting at Canadian Memorial College in Toronto on March 8–9. Others are George G. Reynolds, Sgt. at Arms, Dr. A.E. Homewood, Hon. Pres., and Howard L. Gauthier, Historian.”

Figure 12a.

Dr. John A. Henderson; from the cover of the Spring 1956 issue of the CMCC Quarterly.

Figure 12b.

Dr. John Clubine, 1957.

Figure 12c.

Rudy O. Mueller, D.C., academic dean of CMCC, circa 1947.

Figure 12d.

Dr. Keith Kennedy, circa 1951.

Figure 13.

Vera Littlejohn, D.C. joined the faculty at CMCC during the mid-1950s.

Figure 14.

The NCA Council on Education met in Toronto in February 1956; seated left to right, front row: Justin C. Wood, D.C.; John J. Nugent, D.C.; Thure C. Peterson, D.C.; Joseph Janse, D.C., N.D. Left to right, standing: A.E. Homewood, D.P.T., D.C.; Ralph J. Martin, D.C.; N.D.; Norman E. Osborne, D.C.; Arthur G. Hendricks, D.C.; F.H. Gardner, D.C.; Julius C. Troilo, D.C.; John B. Wolfe, D.C.; Walter B. Wolf, D.C.; George H. Haynes, D.C., M.S.; from the Spring 1956 issue of the CMCC Quarterly (courtesy of Dr. Herbert K. Lee).

Figure 15.

Dr. Earl Homewood; from the September 1955 issue of The Backlog, published by the Student’s Administrative Council of the CMCC.

Figure 16.

Classroom scene at CMCC, 1955.

Figure 17.

Dr. Earl Homewood (seated second from right) is among the dignitaries participating in a breakfast meeting with officials of the International Chiropractors’ Association and college presidents at B.J. Palmer’s home in Davenport; from the October 1954 issue of the ICA Review of Chiropractic.

Figure 18a.

Dr. Galen Price, circa 1979.

Figure 18b:

Dr. Herbert Himes and neurocalometer display; from the 1952 Keystone, yearbook of Logan Basic College of Chiropractic.

Figure 18c.

Dr. Vinton Logan, circa 1960 (courtesy of Dr. Arlan Fuhr).

Figure 19.

B.J. Palmer, D.C. lectures at the CMCC during 28–29 February 1956.

Figure 20.

The former Meadonia Hotel served as the first campus of the CMCC, 1945–1969; from the October 1945 issue of the Journal of the National Chiropractic Association.

Figure 21a.

Gathered at the Port Perry memorial to D.D. Palmer on 18 September 1959 were representatives of five chiropractic organizations. Left to right are: “Dr. R.K. Partlow, president of the Ontario Chiropractic Association for 1957–59; Dr. J.A. Schnick, president of the Canadian Chiropractic Association; Dr. Earl G. Liss, president of the National Chiropractic Association; Dr. Don Viggiani, Ontario representative for the International Chiropractors’ Association; and Dr. A.E. Homewood, president of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College”; from the November 1959 issue of the Journal of the National Chiropractic Association.

Figure 21b.

The CMCC received a grant of $4,800.00 from the Foundation for Accredited Chiropractic Education (FACE) for the purpose of expanding its student guidance program. Dr. John A. Schnick, Ontario’s delegate to the NCA, is shown on the left, presenting the check to Dr. A.E. Homewood, dean of CMCC, at the annual convention of the Ontario Chiropractic Association, 22–24 September 1960, in Hamilton, Ontario.

Figure 21c:

Logo of the Foundation for Accredited Chiropractic Education, 1959.

Figure 22a.

“Those doctors of chiropractic attending the first Clinicians’ Seminar, held at the Lincoln Chiropractic College, September 21–22, are (left to right): Drs. Gehl and Fink, Logan College; Drs. Stowell and Zinkan, Lincoln College; Dr. Ploudre, International College of Chiropractors; Dr. Wedin, Chiropractic Institute of New York; Dr. Fay, National College of Chiropractic; Dr. Bierman, Lincoln College; Dr. Roberts, Logan College; Drs. Homewood, and Cassavino, Lincoln College” (44).

Figure 22b.

Campus of the Lincoln College of Chiropractic, circa 1959.

Figure 23.

“Members of the Special Committee on Standardization of Chiropractic Principles. The committee, shown here meeting in the ACA board conference room, are, left to right: Drs. C.W. Weiant, William D. Harper, Joseph Janse, A. Earl Homewood, Helmut Bittner. This committee met days and evenings from Wednesday, May 26, through Sunday, May 30. Their committee work will be one of the milestones of chiropractic progress”; from the July 1965 ACA Journal of Chiropractic.

Figure 24a.

Dr. Earl Homewood, mid-1960s.

Figure 24b.

Dr. Earl Homewood.

Figure 25a.

Pastel of the campus of the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic in Glendale, California.

Figure 25b.

Dr. Paul Smallie, editor of the California Chiropractic Journal, chats with Dr. Homewood during the CCA’s 1965 convention.

Figure 26.

Transfer student Jean Moss is seen here at far right, in the CMCC library, circa 1968.

Figure 27.

Ernest Napolitano, D.C., president of Columbia Institute of Chiropractic, was the commencement speaker at CMCC’s graduation exercises, 24 May 1968.

Figure 28.

Gerhardt Moog (standing) confers with members of the Planning & Development Committee, seated left to right: Drs. A. Earl Homewood, Howard Gauthier and Donald C. Sutherland.

Figure 29.

Artist’s conception of the new Bayview Avenue campus of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, which appeared as the letterhead of the College’s new stationery in 1968 and on the pamphlet distributed at the dedication of the new campus.

Figure 30.

Drs. Howard Gauthier, Earl Homewood and Donald Sutherland inspect progress of CMCC’s new campus, 1968.

Figure 31.

Dr. Herb Vear, academic dean of the CMCC, 1970.

Figure 32.

This image of the D.D. Palmer memorial in Port Perry appeared on the cover of the CMCC’s 1969 dedication program.

Figure 33a.

President Earl Homewood and immediate past President Bob Thompson during 1969 dedication ceremonies of CMCC’s new campus at 1900 Bayview Avenue.

Figure 33b.

Dr. Earl Homewood, president of CMCC, addressed the gathering at the 1969 dedication of CMCC’s Bayview Avenue campus.

Figure 33c.

Dr. Joseph Janse, president of the National College of Chiropractic, addressed the gathering at the 1969 dedication of CMCC’s Bayview Avenue campus.

Figure 33d.

“Honored as British Columbia’s Chiropractor of the Year, Dr. Walter T. Sturdy, of Vancouver, left, admires plaque presented to him by Dr. Ralph G. Chatwin, president of the Chiropractors’ Association of British Columbia. Now eighty-three, Dr. Sturdy is considered by many to be Canada’s father of chiropractic. Award was made at association’s quarterly meeting in Vancouver”; from the April 1961 issue of the Journal of the National Chiropractic Association.

Figure 34.

Dr. Earl Homewood, 12 December 1969 in Toronto.

Figure 35a.

Dr. George Haynes, 1968.

Figure 35b.

Drs. Orval Hidde, Leonard Fay and Herbert Hinton, officers of the CCE-USA; from the April 1974 issue of the Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association.

Figure 35c.

Dr. Homewood accepts an award from Arthur Nilsson, D.C., professor of anatomy, during an LACC homecoming.

Figure 35d.

Wolf Adler, D.O., D.C., N.D., LL.B., newly appointed dean of the Chiropractic College of Pasadena University, confers with Earl Homewood, administrative dean of the LACC, in 1974.

Figure 35e.

Jay D. Kirby, D.C., circa 1974.

Figure 36a.

Richard H. Timmins, president of Western States Chiropractic College, and Dr. Earl Homewood, circa 1978.

Figure 36b.

Dr. Appa Anderson, circa 1970.

Figure 36c.

Robert Tolar, Ph.D., circa 1981.

Figure 37a.

Founders of the Association for the History of Chiropractic (AHC), from the first issue of the AHC’s journal, Chiropractic History.

Figure 37b.

Dr. Homewood accepts a lifetime membership from fellow AHC co-founder William S. Rehm, D.C. at Logan College in 1982.

Figure 37c.

Dr. Homewood speaks at the AHC Conference on Chiropractic History at Logan College in 1982.

Figure 37d.

Dr. Homewood (left) chats with National College President Joseph Janse, D.C., N.D. (center) and Logan College Vice President William Ramsey, Ph.D. during the second annual AHC Conference on Chiropractic History in 1982.

Figure 38.

Dr. Earl Homewood relaxes in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1987 with Dr. Lee Arnold, former president of the National College of Chiropractic.