Skip to main content
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 2002 Jun;50(Suppl 5):v1–v23. doi: 10.1136/gut.50.90005.v1

Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer

W Allum, S Griffin, A Watson, D Colin-Jones
PMCID: PMC1867706  PMID: 12049068

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (247.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adachi Y., Kitamura K., Tsutsui S., Ikeda Y., Matsuda H., Sugimachi K. How to detect early carcinoma of the esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology. 1993 Jun;40(3):207–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aikou T., Shimazu H. Difference in main lymphatic pathways from the lower esophagus and gastric cardia. Jpn J Surg. 1989 May;19(3):290–295. doi: 10.1007/BF02471404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akiyama H., Tsurumaru M., Udagawa H., Kajiyama Y. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg. 1994 Sep;220(3):364–373. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199409000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Akoh J. A., Macintyre I. M. Improving survival in gastric cancer: review of 5-year survival rates in English language publications from 1970. Br J Surg. 1992 Apr;79(4):293–299. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800790404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Albertsson M., Ewers S. B., Widmark H., Hambraeus G., Lillo-Gil R., Ranstam J. Evaluation of the palliative effect of radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 1989;28(2):267–270. doi: 10.3109/02841868909111261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alderson D., Courtney S. P., Kennedy R. H. Radical transhiatal oesophagectomy under direct vision. Br J Surg. 1994 Mar;81(3):404–407. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Alderson D., Wright P. D. Laser recanalization versus endoscopic intubation in the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Br J Surg. 1990 Oct;77(10):1151–1153. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800771023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Allum W. H., Powell D. J., McConkey C. C., Fielding J. W. Gastric cancer: a 25-year review. Br J Surg. 1989 Jun;76(6):535–540. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800760604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Ando N., Iizuka T., Kakegawa T., Isono K., Watanabe H., Ide H., Tanaka O., Shinoda M., Takiyama W., Arimori M. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Aug;114(2):205–209. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70146-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Andreyev H. J., Norman A. R., Cunningham D., Padhani A. R., Hill A. S., Ross P. J., Webb A. Squamous oesophageal cancer can be downstaged using protracted venous infusion of 5-fluorouracil with epirubicin and cisplatin (ECF). Eur J Cancer. 1995 Dec;31A(13-14):2209–2214. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00482-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Arnott S. J., Duncan W., Gignoux M., Girling D. J., Hansen H. S., Launois B., Nygaard K., Parmar M. K., Roussel A., Spiliopoulos G. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis using individual patient data (Oesophageal Cancer Collaborative Group). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):579–583. doi: 10.1016/s0360-3016(97)00569-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Aste H., Munizzi F., Martines H., Pugliese V. Esophageal dilation in malignant dysphagia. Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2713–2715. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19851201)56:11<2713::aid-cncr2820561134>3.0.co;2-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Atkinson M., Ferguson R., Ogilvie A. L. Management of malignant dysphagia by intubation at endoscopy. J R Soc Med. 1979 Dec;72(12):894–897. doi: 10.1177/014107687907201206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Baba H., Okuyama T., Hiroyuki O., Anai H., Korenaga D., Maehara Y., Akazawa K., Sugimachi K. Prognostic factors for noncurative gastric cancer: univariate and multivariate analyses. J Surg Oncol. 1992 Oct;51(2):104–108. doi: 10.1002/jso.2930510208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bader M., Dittler H. J., Ultsch B., Ries G., Siewert J. R. Palliative treatment of malignant stenoses of the upper gastrointestinal tract using a combination of laser and afterloading therapy. Endoscopy. 1986 Mar;18 (Suppl 1):27–31. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1018405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Barr H., Krasner N., Raouf A., Walker R. J. Prospective randomised trial of laser therapy only and laser therapy followed by endoscopic intubation for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Gut. 1990 Mar;31(3):252–258. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.3.252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bartels H., Stein H. J., Siewert J. R. Preoperative risk analysis and postoperative mortality of oesophagectomy for resectable oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg. 1998 Jun;85(6):840–844. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00663.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bartels H., Thorban S., Siewert J. R. Anterior versus posterior reconstruction after transhiatal oesophagectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Surg. 1993 Sep;80(9):1141–1144. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800800924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bethge N., Sommer A., von Kleist D., Vakil N. A prospective trial of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction after failure of primary curative therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996 Sep;44(3):283–286. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(96)70165-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bhutani M. S., Hawes R. H., Hoffman B. J. A comparison of the accuracy of echo features during endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of malignant lymph node invasion. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Jun;45(6):474–479. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70176-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Binmoeller K. F., Seifert H., Seitz U., Izbicki J. R., Kida M., Soehendra N. Ultrasonic esophagoprobe for TNM staging of highly stenosing esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Jun;41(6):547–552. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(95)70188-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Birch J. F., White S. A., Berry D. P., Veitch P. S. A cost-benefit comparison of self-expanding metal stents and Atkinson tubes for the palliation of obstructing esophageal tumors. Dis Esophagus. 1998 Jul;11(3):172–176. doi: 10.1093/dote/11.3.172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Blazeby J. M., Farndon J. R., Donovan J., Alderson D. A prospective longitudinal study examining the quality of life of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 2000 Apr 15;88(8):1781–1787. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Blot W. J. Esophageal cancer trends and risk factors. Semin Oncol. 1994 Aug;21(4):403–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bohnacker S., Thonke F., Hinner M., Seitz U., Binmoeller K. F., Brand B., Rathod V. D., Soehendra N. Improved endoscopic stenting for malignant dysphagia using Tygon plastic prostheses. Endoscopy. 1998 Aug;30(6):524–531. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1001338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Boku N., Ohtsu A., Shimada Y., Shirao K., Seki S., Saito H., Sakata Y., Hyodo I. Phase II study of a combination of irinotecan and cisplatin against metastatic gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jan;17(1):319–323. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.1.319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Bolger C., Walsh T. N., Tanner W. A., Keeling P., Hennessy T. P. Chylothorax after oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 1991 May;78(5):587–588. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800780521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Bonavina L. Early oesophageal cancer: results of a European multicentre survey. Group Européen pour l'Etude des Maladies de l'Oesophage. Br J Surg. 1995 Jan;82(1):98–101. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800820133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Bonenkamp J. J., Hermans J., Sasako M., van de Velde C. J., Welvaart K., Songun I., Meyer S., Plukker J. T., Van Elk P., Obertop H. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 25;340(12):908–914. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199903253401202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Bosset J. F., Gignoux M., Triboulet J. P., Tiret E., Mantion G., Elias D., Lozach P., Ollier J. C., Pavy J. J., Mercier M. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 17;337(3):161–167. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199707173370304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Botet J. F., Lightdale C. J., Zauber A. G., Gerdes H., Urmacher C., Brennan M. F. Preoperative staging of esophageal cancer: comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT. Radiology. 1991 Nov;181(2):419–425. doi: 10.1148/radiology.181.2.1924783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Bourke M. J., Hope R. L., Chu G., Gillespie P. E., Bull C., O'Rourke I., Williams S. J. Laser palliation of inoperable malignant dysphagia: initial and at death. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996 Jan;43(1):29–32. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(96)70256-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Boyce G. A. Endoscopic evaluation of the patient with esophageal carcinoma. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1994 May;4(2):257–268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Bramble M. G., Suvakovic Z., Hungin A. P. Detection of upper gastrointestinal cancer in patients taking antisecretory therapy prior to gastroscopy. Gut. 2000 Apr;46(4):464–467. doi: 10.1136/gut.46.4.464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Brown L. M., Silverman D. T., Pottern L. M., Schoenberg J. B., Greenberg R. S., Swanson G. M., Liff J. M., Schwartz A. G., Hayes R. B., Blot W. J. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in white men in the United States: alcohol, tobacco, and socioeconomic factors. Cancer Causes Control. 1994 Jul;5(4):333–340. doi: 10.1007/BF01804984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Buset M., des Marez B., Baize M., Bourgeois N., de Boelpaepe C., de Toeuf J., Cremer M. Palliative endoscopic management of obstructive esophagogastric cancer: laser or prosthesis? Gastrointest Endosc. 1987 Oct;33(5):357–361. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(87)71638-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Bytzer P., Hansen J. M., Havelund T., Malchow-Møller A., Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O. B. Predicting endoscopic diagnosis in the dyspeptic patient: the value of clinical judgement. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 Apr;8(4):359–363. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199604000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Bytzer P., Hansen J. M., Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O. B., Malchow-Møller A. Predicting endoscopic diagnosis in the dyspeptic patient. The value of predictive score models. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997 Feb;32(2):118–125. doi: 10.3109/00365529709000181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Carter R., Smith J. S., Anderson J. R. Laser recanalization versus endoscopic intubation in the palliation of malignant dysphagia: a randomized prospective study. Br J Surg. 1992 Nov;79(11):1167–1170. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800791120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Caspers R. J., Welvaart K., Verkes R. J., Hermans J., Leer J. W. The effect of radiotherapy on dysphagia and survival in patients with esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1988 May;12(1):15–23. doi: 10.1016/0167-8140(88)90188-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Castelletto R., Castellsague X., Muñoz N., Iscovich J., Chopita N., Jmelnitsky A. Alcohol, tobacco, diet, mate drinking, and esophageal cancer in Argentina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994 Oct-Nov;3(7):557–564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Catalano M. F., Alcocer E., Chak A., Nguyen C. C., Raijman I., Geenen J. E., Lahoti S., Sivak M. V., Jr Evaluation of metastatic celiac axis lymph nodes in patients with esophageal carcinoma: accuracy of EUS. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Sep;50(3):352–356. doi: 10.1053/ge.1999.v50.98154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Catalano M. F., Sivak M. V., Jr, Rice T., Gragg L. A., Van Dam J. Endosonographic features predictive of lymph node metastasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994 Jul-Aug;40(4):442–446. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(94)70206-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Cheng K. K., Day N. E., Duffy S. W., Lam T. H., Fok M., Wong J. Pickled vegetables in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese. Lancet. 1992 May 30;339(8805):1314–1318. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91960-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Cheung H. C., Siu K. F., Wong J. Is pyloroplasty necessary in esophageal replacement by stomach? A prospective, randomized controlled trial. Surgery. 1987 Jul;102(1):19–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Cho J. S., Kim J. K., Rho S. M., Lee H. Y., Jeong H. Y., Lee C. S. Preoperative assessment of gastric carcinoma: value of two-phase dynamic CT with mechanical iv. injection of contrast material. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Jul;163(1):69–75. doi: 10.2214/ajr.163.1.8010251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Chung S. C., Leong H. T., Choi C. Y., Leung J. W., Li A. K. Palliation of malignant oesophageal obstruction by endoscopic alcohol injection. Endoscopy. 1994 Mar;26(3):275–277. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1008966. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Cochrane J. P., Williams J. T., Faber R. G., Slack W. W. Value of outpatient follow-up after curative surgery for carcinoma of the large bowel. Br Med J. 1980 Mar 1;280(6214):593–595. doi: 10.1136/bmj.280.6214.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Compton C., Sobin L. H. Protocol for the examination of specimens removed from patients with gastric carcinoma: a basis for checklists. Members of the Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists, and the Task Force for Protocols on the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Gastric Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998 Jan;122(1):9–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1988 Jul 1;48(13):3554–3560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Curran J. E., Grounds R. M. Ward versus intensive care management of high-risk surgical patients. Br J Surg. 1998 Jul;85(7):956–961. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00731.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Cuschieri A., Fayers P., Fielding J., Craven J., Bancewicz J., Joypaul V., Cook P. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: preliminary results of the MRC randomised controlled surgical trial. The Surgical Cooperative Group. Lancet. 1996 Apr 13;347(9007):995–999. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90144-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Cuschieri A., Weeden S., Fielding J., Bancewicz J., Craven J., Joypaul V., Sydes M., Fayers P. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br J Cancer. 1999 Mar;79(9-10):1522–1530. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Cwikiel M., Cwikiel W., Albertsson M. Palliation of dysphagia in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. Comparison of results of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and esophageal stent treatment. Acta Oncol. 1996;35(1):75–79. doi: 10.3109/02841869609098483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Danesh J. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: systematic review of the epidemiological studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Jul;13(7):851–856. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00546.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Davies J., Chalmers A. G., Sue-Ling H. M., May J., Miller G. V., Martin I. G., Johnston D. Spiral computed tomography and operative staging of gastric carcinoma: a comparison with histopathological staging. Gut. 1997 Sep;41(3):314–319. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.3.314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. De Palma G. D., di Matteo E., Romano G., Fimmano A., Rondinone G., Catanzano C. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996 May;43(5):478–482. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(96)70290-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. DeMeester T. R., Johansson K. E., Franze I., Eypasch E., Lu C. T., McGill J. E., Zaninotto G. Indications, surgical technique, and long-term functional results of colon interposition or bypass. Ann Surg. 1988 Oct;208(4):460–474. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198810000-00008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Dewar J. Follow up in breast cancer. BMJ. 1995 Mar 18;310(6981):685–686. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6981.685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Dittler H. J., Siewert J. R. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy. 1993 Feb;25(2):156–161. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Do Y. S., Song H. Y., Lee B. H., Byun H. S., Kim K. H., Chin S. Y., Park J. H. Esophagorespiratory fistula associated with esophageal cancer: treatment with a Gianturco stent tube. Radiology. 1993 Jun;187(3):673–677. doi: 10.1148/radiology.187.3.7684529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Dolan K., Sutton R., Walker S. J., Morris A. I., Campbell F., Williams E. M. New classification of oesophageal and gastric carcinomas derived from changing patterns in epidemiology. Br J Cancer. 1999 May;80(5-6):834–842. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690429. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Dooley C. P., Larson A. W., Stace N. H., Renner I. G., Valenzuela J. E., Eliasoph J., Colletti P. M., Halls J. M., Weiner J. M. Double-contrast barium meal and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. A comparative study. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Oct;101(4):538–545. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-4-538. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Dougenis D., Walker W. S., Cameron E. W., Walbaum P. R. Management of chylothorax complicating extensive esophageal resection. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992 Jun;174(6):501–506. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Dresner S. M., Lamb P. J., Shenfine J., Hayes N., Griffin S. M. Prognostic significance of peri-operative blood transfusion following radical resection for oesophageal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000 Aug;26(5):492–497. doi: 10.1053/ejso.1999.0929. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Dugue L., Sauvanet A., Farges O., Goharin A., Le Mee J., Belghiti J. Output of chyle as an indicator of treatment for chylothorax complicating oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 1998 Aug;85(8):1147–1149. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00819.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. ELLIS F. H., Jr, JACKSON R. C., KRUEGER J. T., Jr, MOERSCH H. J., CLAGETT O. T., GAGE R. P. Carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia; results of treatment, 1946 to 1956. N Engl J Med. 1959 Feb 19;260(8):351–358. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195902192600801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Eccles M., Clapp Z., Grimshaw J., Adams P. C., Higgins B., Purves I., Russell I. North of England evidence based guidelines development project: methods of guideline development. BMJ. 1996 Mar 23;312(7033):760–762. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7033.760. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Eckardt V. F., Giessler W., Kanzler G., Remmele W., Bernhard G. Clinical and morphological characteristics of early gastric cancer. A case-control study. Gastroenterology. 1990 Mar;98(3):708–714. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90292-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Ell C., May A., Hahn E. G. Gianturco-Z stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagotracheal fistulas. Endoscopy. 1995 Sep;27(7):495–500. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1005754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ellis F. H., Jr Treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989 Aug;64(8):945–955. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61222-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Ellul J. P., Watkinson A., Khan R. J., Adam A., Mason R. C. Self-expanding metal stents for the palliation of dysphagia due to inoperable oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1995 Dec;82(12):1678–1681. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800821231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Entwistle M. D., Roe P. G., Sapsford D. J., Berrisford R. G., Jones J. G. Patterns of oxygenation after thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth. 1991 Dec;67(6):704–711. doi: 10.1093/bja/67.6.704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Eslick G. D., Lim L. L., Byles J. E., Xia H. H., Talley N. J. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Sep;94(9):2373–2379. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01360.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Falk G. W., Rice T. W., Goldblum J. R., Richter J. E. Jumbo biopsy forceps protocol still misses unsuspected cancer in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Feb;49(2):170–176. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70482-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Fan S. T., Lau W. Y., Yip W. C., Poon G. P., Yeung C., Lam W. K., Wong K. K. Prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications in oesophagogastric cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 1987 May;74(5):408–410. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800740530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Fan S. T., Lau W. Y., Yip W. C., Poon G. P., Yeung C., Lam W. K., Wong K. K. Prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications in oesophagogastric cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 1987 May;74(5):408–410. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800740530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Fielding J. W., Ellis D. J., Jones B. G., Paterson J., Powell D. J., Waterhouse J. A., Brookes V. S. Natural history of "early" gastric cancer: results of a 10-year regional survey. Br Med J. 1980 Oct 11;281(6246):965–967. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6246.965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Findlay M., Cunningham D., Norman A., Mansi J., Nicolson M., Hickish T., Nicolson V., Nash A., Sacks N., Ford H. A phase II study in advanced gastro-esophageal cancer using epirubicin and cisplatin in combination with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (ECF). Ann Oncol. 1994 Sep;5(7):609–616. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Fink U., Schuhmacher C., Stein H. J., Busch R., Feussner H., Dittler H. J., Helmberger A., Böttcher K., Siewert J. R. Preoperative chemotherapy for stage III-IV gastric carcinoma: feasibility, response and outcome after complete resection. Br J Surg. 1995 Sep;82(9):1248–1252. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800820930. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Finley R. J., Inculet R. I. The results of esophagogastrectomy without thoracotomy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Ann Surg. 1989 Oct;210(4):535–543. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198910000-00014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Fiorini A. B., Goldin E., Valero J. L., Bloom A., Beyar M., Pfeffer R. P., Globerman O. Expandable metal coil stent for treatment of broncho-esophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Jul;42(1):81–83. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(95)70251-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Fiorini A., Roca E., Capizzano M. Recanalización endoscópica con etanol, en el tratamiento de la disfagia de origen neoplásico. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1992;22(3):197–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Fok M., Ah-Chong A. K., Cheng S. W., Wong J. Comparison of a single layer continuous hand-sewn method and circular stapling in 580 oesophageal anastomoses. Br J Surg. 1991 Mar;78(3):342–345. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800780323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Forastiere A. A., Orringer M. B., Perez-Tamayo C., Urba S. G., Husted S., Takasugi B. J., Zahurak M. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for local-regional cancer of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Jan;8(1):119–127. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1990.8.1.119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Forman D., Newell D. G., Fullerton F., Yarnell J. W., Stacey A. R., Wald N., Sitas F. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ. 1991 Jun 1;302(6788):1302–1305. doi: 10.1136/bmj.302.6788.1302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Fuchs C. S., Mayer R. J. Gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 6;333(1):32–41. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199507063330107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Fukuya T., Honda H., Kaneko K., Kuroiwa T., Yoshimitsu K., Irie H., Maehara Y., Masuda K. Efficacy of helical CT in T-staging of gastric cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997 Jan-Feb;21(1):73–81. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199701000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Féry F., Plat L., van de Borne P., Cogan E., Mockel J. Impaired counterregulation of glucose in a patient with hypothalamic sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 18;340(11):852–856. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199903183401105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Gao Y. T., McLaughlin J. K., Blot W. J., Ji B. T., Benichou J., Dai Q., Fraumeni J. F., Jr Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Shanghai, China. I. Role of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. Int J Cancer. 1994 Jul 15;58(2):192–196. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910580208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Gao Y. T., McLaughlin J. K., Gridley G., Blot W. J., Ji B. T., Dai Q., Fraumeni J. F., Jr Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Shanghai, China. II. Role of diet and nutrients. Int J Cancer. 1994 Jul 15;58(2):197–202. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910580209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Garg P. K., Misra M. C., Bal S., Tandon R. K. Foreign body in the esophagus mimicking esophageal carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Feb;91(2):397–398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Gevers A. M., Macken E., Hiele M., Rutgeerts P. A comparison of laser therapy, plastic stents, and expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant dysphagia in patients without a fistula. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998 Oct;48(4):383–388. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70007-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Giuli R., Sancho-Garnier H. Diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic features of cancers of the esophagus: results of the international prospective study conducted by the OESO group (790 patients). Surgery. 1986 May;99(5):614–622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Glaws W. R., Etzkorn K. P., Wenig B. L., Zulfiqar H., Wiley T. E., Watkins J. L. Comparison of rigid and flexible esophagoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal disease: diagnostic accuracy, complications, and cost. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996 Apr;105(4):262–266. doi: 10.1177/000348949610500403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Glimelius B., Ekström K., Hoffman K., Graf W., Sjödén P. O., Haglund U., Svensson C., Enander L. K., Linné T., Sellström H. Randomized comparison between chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 1997 Feb;8(2):163–168. doi: 10.1023/a:1008243606668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Goldman L. Assessment of perioperative cardiac risk. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 10;330(10):707–709. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199403103301010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Goldman L., Caldera D. L., Nussbaum S. R., Southwick F. S., Krogstad D., Murray B., Burke D. S., O'Malley T. A., Goroll A. H., Caplan C. H. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med. 1977 Oct 20;297(16):845–850. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197710202971601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Goldman L., Caldera D. L. Risks of general anesthesia and elective operation in the hypertensive patient. Anesthesiology. 1979 Apr;50(4):285–292. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197904000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Goldstein N. S., Lewin K. J. Gastric epithelial dysplasia and adenoma: historical review and histological criteria for grading. Hum Pathol. 1997 Feb;28(2):127–133. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(97)90095-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Gossner L., Ell C. Malignant strictures. Thermal treatment. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998 Apr;8(2):493–501. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Griffin S. M., Chung S. C., van Hasselt C. A., Li A. K. Late swallowing and aspiration problems after esophagectomy for cancer: malignant infiltration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and its management. Surgery. 1992 Sep;112(3):533–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Griffith J. P., Sue-Ling H. M., Martin I., Dixon M. F., McMahon M. J., Axon A. T., Johnston D. Preservation of the spleen improves survival after radical surgery for gastric cancer. Gut. 1995 May;36(5):684–690. doi: 10.1136/gut.36.5.684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Grimm H., Binmoeller K. F., Hamper K., Koch J., Henne-Bruns D., Soehendra N. Endosonography for preoperative locoregional staging of esophageal and gastric cancer. Endoscopy. 1993 Mar;25(3):224–230. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Grund K. E., Storek D., Becker H. D. Highly flexible self-expanding meshed metal stents for palliation of malignant esophagogastric obstruction. Endoscopy. 1995 Sep;27(7):486–494. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1005753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Güitrón A., Adalid R., Huerta F., Macías M., Sánchez-Navarrete M. Tratamiento paliativo de cáncer esofágico mediante inyección transendoscópica de alcohol. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 1996 Jul-Sep;61(3):208–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Hagiwara A., Takahashi T., Kojima O., Sawai K., Yamaguchi T., Yamane T., Taniguchi H., Kitamura K., Noguchi A., Seiki K. Prophylaxis with carbon-adsorbed mitomycin against peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer. Lancet. 1992 Mar 14;339(8794):629–631. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90792-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Hagspiel K. D., Neidl K. F., Eichenberger A. C., Weder W., Marincek B. Detection of liver metastases: comparison of superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced and unenhanced MR imaging at 1.5 T with dynamic CT, intraoperative US, and percutaneous US. Radiology. 1995 Aug;196(2):471–478. doi: 10.1148/radiology.196.2.7617863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Hallissey M. T., Allum W. H., Jewkes A. J., Ellis D. J., Fielding J. W. Early detection of gastric cancer. BMJ. 1990 Sep 15;301(6751):513–515. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6751.513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Han Y. M., Song H. Y., Lee J. M., Cho S. I., Chung G. H., Kim C. S., Sohn M. H., Choi K. C. Esophagorespiratory fistulae due to esophageal carcinoma: palliation with a covered Gianturco stent. Radiology. 1996 Apr;199(1):65–70. doi: 10.1148/radiology.199.1.8633174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Hayes N., Karat D., Scott D. J., Raimes S. A., Griffin S. M. Radical lymphadenectomy in the management of early gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 1996 Oct;83(10):1421–1423. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800831032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Heier S. K., Rothman K. A., Heier L. M., Rosenthal W. S. Photodynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: light dosimetry and randomized comparison with Nd:YAG laser therapy. Gastroenterology. 1995 Jul;109(1):63–72. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90269-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Hermans J., Bonenkamp J. J., Boon M. C., Bunt A. M., Ohyama S., Sasako M., Van de Velde C. J. Adjuvant therapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Aug;11(8):1441–1447. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.8.1441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Herskovic A., Martz K., al-Sarraf M., Leichman L., Brindle J., Vaitkevicius V., Cooper J., Byhardt R., Davis L., Emami B. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jun 11;326(24):1593–1598. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199206113262403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Highley M. S., Parnis F. X., Trotter G. A., Houston S. J., Penson R. T., Harper P. G., Mason R. C. Combination chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for the palliation of advanced gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg. 1994 Dec;81(12):1763–1765. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800811218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Hill M. J. Salt and gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1998 Jun;7(3):173–175. doi: 10.1097/00008469-199806000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Hordijk M. L., Zander H., van Blankenstein M., Tilanus H. W. Influence of tumor stenosis on the accuracy of endosonography in preoperative T staging of esophageal cancer. Endoscopy. 1993 Feb;25(2):171–175. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Hu J., Nyrén O., Wolk A., Bergström R., Yuen J., Adami H. O., Guo L., Li H., Huang G., Xu X. Risk factors for oesophageal cancer in northeast China. Int J Cancer. 1994 Apr 1;57(1):38–46. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910570108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Huang J. Q., Sridhar S., Chen Y., Hunt R. H. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 1998 Jun;114(6):1169–1179. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70422-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Huguier M., Houry S., Lacaine F. Is the follow-up of patients operated on for gastric carcinoma of benefit to the patient? Hepatogastroenterology. 1992 Feb;39(1):14–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Hulton N. R., Hargreaves A. W. Is long-term follow-up of all colorectal cancer necessary? J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1989 Feb;34(1):21–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Hurley J. F., Cade R. J. Laser photocoagulation in the treatment of malignant dysphagia. Aust N Z J Surg. 1997 Nov;67(11):800–803. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1997.tb04585.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Hölscher A. H., Bollschweiler E., Schneider P. M., Siewert J. R. Early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Br J Surg. 1997 Oct;84(10):1470–1473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Hölscher A. H., Voit H., Buttermann G., Siewert J. R. Function of the intrathoracic stomach as esophageal replacement. World J Surg. 1988 Dec;12(6):835–844. doi: 10.1007/BF01655491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Hünerbein M., Rau B., Schlag P. M. Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound for staging of upper gastrointestinal tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1995 Feb;21(1):50–55. doi: 10.1016/s0748-7983(05)80068-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Iftikhar S. Y., James P. D., Steele R. J., Hardcastle J. D., Atkinson M. Length of Barrett's oesophagus: an important factor in the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Gut. 1992 Sep;33(9):1155–1158. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.9.1155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Ilson D. H., Ajani J., Bhalla K., Forastiere A., Huang Y., Patel P., Martin L., Donegan J., Pazdur R., Reed C. Phase II trial of paclitaxel, fluorouracil, and cisplatin in patients with advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 1998 May;16(5):1826–1834. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.5.1826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Jakl R. J., Miholic J., Koller R., Markis E., Wolner E. Prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the cardia. Am J Surg. 1995 Mar;169(3):316–319. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9610(99)80166-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Japanese Society for Esophageal Diseases Guide lines for the clinical and pathologic studies on carcinoma of the esophagus. Jpn J Surg. 1976 Jun;6(2):69–78. doi: 10.1007/BF02468889. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Johannessen T., Petersen H., Kleveland P. M., Dybdahl J. H., Sandvik A. K., Brenna E., Waldum H. The predictive value of history in dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990 Jul;25(7):689–697. doi: 10.3109/00365529008997594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Jones D. B., Davies P. S., Smith P. M. Endoscopic insertion of palliative oesophageal tubes in oesophagogastric neoplasms. Br J Surg. 1981 Mar;68(3):197–198. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800680318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Jones E. C., Chezmar J. L., Nelson R. C., Bernardino M. E. The frequency and significance of small (less than or equal to 15 mm) hepatic lesions detected by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Mar;158(3):535–539. doi: 10.2214/ajr.158.3.1738990. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Jones R. H., Lydeard S. E., Hobbs F. D., Kenkre J. E., Williams E. I., Jones S. J., Repper J. A., Caldow J. L., Dunwoodie W. M., Bottomley J. M. Dyspepsia in England and Scotland. Gut. 1990 Apr;31(4):401–405. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.4.401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Juste R. N., Lawson A. D., Soni N. Minimising cardiac anaesthetic risk: the tortoise or the hare? Anaesthesia. 1996 Mar;51(3):255–262. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb13643.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Kajiyama Y., Tsurumaru M., Udagawa H., Tsutsumi K., Kinoshita Y., Ueno M., Akiyama H. Prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: pathologic stage analysis and multivariate regression analysis. J Clin Oncol. 1997 May;15(5):2015–2021. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.5.2015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Kelsen D. P., Ginsberg R., Pajak T. F., Sheahan D. G., Gunderson L., Mortimer J., Estes N., Haller D. G., Ajani J., Kocha W. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 31;339(27):1979–1984. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199812313392704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Kelsen D., Karpeh M., Schwartz G., Gerdes H., Lightdale C., Botet J., Lauers G., Klimstra D., Huang Y., Saltz L. Neoadjuvant therapy of high-risk gastric cancer: a phase II trial of preoperative FAMTX and postoperative intraperitoneal fluorouracil-cisplatin plus intravenous fluorouracil. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jun;14(6):1818–1828. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.6.1818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Kiebert G. M., Welvaart K., Kievit J. Psychological effects of routine follow up on cancer patients after surgery. Eur J Surg. 1993 Nov-Dec;159(11-12):601–607. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Kim Y. H., Shin S. W., Kim B. S., Kim J. H., Kim J. G., Mok Y. J., Kim C. S., Rhyu H. S., Hyun J. H., Kim J. S. Paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer. 1999 Jan 15;85(2):295–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Kinsman K. J., DeGregorio B. T., Katon R. M., Morrison K., Saxon R. R., Keller F. S., Rosch J. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996 Mar;43(3):196–203. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(96)70315-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Knyrim K., Wagner H. J., Bethge N., Keymling M., Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 28;329(18):1302–1307. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199310283291803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Kohli Y., Kawai K., Fujita S. Analytical studies on growth of human gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981 Jun;3(2):129–133. doi: 10.1097/00004836-198106000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Kok T. C. Chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 1997 Mar;23(2):65–85. doi: 10.1016/s0305-7372(97)90021-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Kozarek R. A., Raltz S., Brugge W. R., Schapiro R. H., Waxman I., Boyce H. W., Baillie J., Branch M. S., Stevens P. D., Lightdale C. J. Prospective multicenter trial of esophageal Z-stent placement for malignant dysphagia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996 Nov;44(5):562–567. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(96)70009-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Kozarek R. A., Raltz S., Marcon N., Kortan P., Haber G., Lightdale C., Stevens P., Lehman G., Rex D., Benjamin S. Use of the 25 mm flanged esophageal Z stent for malignant dysphagia: a prospective multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Aug;46(2):156–160. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70065-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Krasner N., Barr H., Skidmore C., Morris A. I. Palliative laser therapy for malignant dysphagia. Gut. 1987 Jul;28(7):792–798. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.7.792. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Kreder K. J. Combination drug therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. JAMA. 1995 Jul 26;274(4):359–359. doi: 10.1001/jama.274.4.359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Kuipers E. J. Review article: exploring the link between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Mar;13 (Suppl 1):3–11. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00002.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Kuszyk B. S., Bluemke D. A., Urban B. A., Choti M. A., Hruban R. H., Sitzmann J. V., Fishman E. K. Portal-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT for the detection of malignant hepatic tumors: sensitivity based on comparison with intraoperative and pathologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996 Jan;166(1):91–95. doi: 10.2214/ajr.166.1.8571914. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Lagergren J., Bergström R., Nyrén O. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jun 1;130(11):883–890. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-11-199906010-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Lal N., Bhasin D. K., Malik A. K., Gupta N. M., Singh K., Mehta S. K. Optimal number of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Gut. 1992 Jun;33(6):724–726. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.6.724. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Lam T. C., Fok M., Cheng S. W., Wong J. Anastomotic complications after esophagectomy for cancer. A comparison of neck and chest anastomoses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992 Aug;104(2):395–400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Lambert R. Palliation of carcinoma of the esophagus: is there a hope for cure? Am J Gastroenterol. 1994 Aug;89(8 Suppl):S27–S40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Lansdown M., Quirke P., Dixon M. F., Axon A. T., Johnston D. High grade dysplasia of the gastric mucosa: a marker for gastric carcinoma. Gut. 1990 Sep;31(9):977–983. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.9.977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Le Prise E., Etienne P. L., Meunier B., Maddern G., Ben Hassel M., Gedouin D., Boutin D., Campion J. P., Launois B. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. 1994 Apr 1;73(7):1779–1784. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940401)73:7<1779::aid-cncr2820730702>3.0.co;2-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Lee F. I., Bellary S. V. Ethanol-induced tumor necrosis to palliate esophago-gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990 Jul-Aug;36(4):418–419. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(90)71088-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Lerut T., De Leyn P., Coosemans W., Van Raemdonck D., Scheys I., LeSaffre E. Surgical strategies in esophageal carcinoma with emphasis on radical lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg. 1992 Nov;216(5):583–590. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199211000-00010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Levine D. S., Haggitt R. C., Blount P. L., Rabinovitch P. S., Rusch V. W., Reid B. J. An endoscopic biopsy protocol can differentiate high-grade dysplasia from early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1993 Jul;105(1):40–50. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90008-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Lieberman D. A., Oehlke M., Helfand M. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in community-based practice. GORGE consortium. Gastroenterology Outcomes Research Group in Endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Aug;92(8):1293–1297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Lightdale C. J., Heier S. K., Marcon N. E., McCaughan J. S., Jr, Gerdes H., Overholt B. F., Sivak M. V., Jr, Stiegmann G. V., Nava H. R. Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Dec;42(6):507–512. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(95)70002-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Loizou L. A., Grigg D., Atkinson M., Robertson C., Bown S. G. A prospective comparison of laser therapy and intubation in endoscopic palliation for malignant dysphagia. Gastroenterology. 1991 May;100(5 Pt 1):1303–1310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Loizou L. A., Rampton D., Atkinson M., Robertson C., Bown S. G. A prospective assessment of quality of life after endoscopic intubation and laser therapy for malignant dysphagia. Cancer. 1992 Jul 15;70(2):386–391. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19920715)70:2<386::aid-cncr2820700203>3.0.co;2-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Loscos J. M., Calvo E., Alvarez-Sala J. L., Espinos D. Treatment of dysphagia and massive hemorrhage in esophageal carcinoma by ethanol injection. Endoscopy. 1993 Oct;25(8):544–544. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Loviscek L. F., Cenoz M. C., Badaloni A. E., Agarinakazato O. Early cancer in achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 1998 Oct;11(4):239–247. doi: 10.1093/dote/11.4.239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Lundell L., Leth R., Lind T., Lönroth H., Sjövall M., Olbe L. Palliative endoscopic dilatation in carcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Acta Chir Scand. 1989 Mar;155(3):179–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. MILLER C. Carcinoma of thoracic oesophagus and cardia. A review of 405 cases. Br J Surg. 1962 Mar;49:507–522. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004921704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Macdonald C. E., Wicks A. C., Playford R. J. Final results from 10 year cohort of patients undergoing surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus: observational study. BMJ. 2000 Nov 18;321(7271):1252–1255. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Maciel J., Barbosa J., Leal A. S. Nd-YAG laser as a palliative treatment for malignant dysphagia. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996 Feb;22(1):69–73. doi: 10.1016/s0748-7983(96)91616-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Martin I. G., Young S., Sue-Ling H., Johnston D. Delays in the diagnosis of oesophagogastric cancer: a consecutive case series. BMJ. 1997 Feb 15;314(7079):467–470. doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7079.467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Maruyama K., Gunvén P., Okabayashi K., Sasako M., Kinoshita T. Lymph node metastases of gastric cancer. General pattern in 1931 patients. Ann Surg. 1989 Nov;210(5):596–602. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198911000-00005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Maruyama K., Sasako M., Kinoshita T., Sano T., Katai H., Okajima K. Pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer. World J Surg. 1995 Jul-Aug;19(4):532–536. doi: 10.1007/BF00294714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Matsushita M., Oi H., Murakami T., Takata N., Kim T., Kishimoto H., Nakamura H., Okamoto S., Okamura J. Extraserosal invasion in advanced gastric cancer: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology. 1994 Jul;192(1):87–91. doi: 10.1148/radiology.192.1.8208971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Matthews H. R., Powell D. J., McConkey C. C. Effect of surgical experience on the results of resection for oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1986 Aug;73(8):621–623. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800730811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. May A., Ell C. Palliative treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with Gianturco-Z stents. A prospective clinical trial and review of the literature on covered metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Apr;93(4):532–535. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.160_b.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Maydeo A. P., Bapaye A., Desai P. N., Khanna S. S., Deshpande R. K., Badve R. Endoscopic placement of indigenous plastic esophageal endoprostheses--does it still have a role in the era of expandable metallic stents? A prospective Indian study in 265 consecutive patients. Endoscopy. 1998 Aug;30(6):532–537. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1001339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Meijssen M. A., Tilanus H. W., van Blankenstein M., Hop W. C., Ong G. L. Achalasia complicated by oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study in 195 patients. Gut. 1992 Feb;33(2):155–158. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.2.155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Minami M., Kawauchi N., Itai Y., Niki T., Sasaki Y. Gastric tumors: radiologic-pathologic correlation and accuracy of T staging with dynamic CT. Radiology. 1992 Oct;185(1):173–178. doi: 10.1148/radiology.185.1.1523303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Miros M., Kerlin P., Walker N. Only patients with dysplasia progress to adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 1991 Dec;32(12):1441–1446. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.12.1441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Mitty R. D., Cave D. R., Birkett D. H. One-stage retrograde approach to Nd:YAG laser palliation of esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy. 1996 May;28(4):350–355. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1005479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Molloy R. G., McCourtney J. S., Anderson J. R. Laparoscopy in the management of patients with cancer of the gastric cardia and oesophagus. Br J Surg. 1995 Mar;82(3):352–354. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800820322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Moreira L. S., Coelho R. C., Sadala R. U., Dani R. The use of ethanol injection under endoscopic control to palliate dysphagia caused by esophagogastric cancer. Endoscopy. 1994 Mar;26(3):311–314. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1008974. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Mori M., Adachi Y., Kamakura T., Ikeda Y., Maehara Y., Sugimachi K. Neural invasion in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1995 Feb;48(2):137–142. doi: 10.1136/jcp.48.2.137. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Moses F. M., Peura D. A., Wong R. K., Johnson L. F. Palliative dilation of esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 1985 Apr;31(2):61–63. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(85)71993-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Mowat C., Carswell A., Wirz A., McColl K. E. Omeprazole and dietary nitrate independently affect levels of vitamin C and nitrite in gastric juice. Gastroenterology. 1999 Apr;116(4):813–822. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Msika S., Tazi M. A., Benhamiche A. M., Couillault C., Harb M., Faivre J. Population-based study of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 1997 Oct;84(10):1474–1478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Murad A. M., Santiago F. F., Petroianu A., Rocha P. R., Rodrigues M. A., Rausch M. Modified therapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced gastric cancer. Cancer. 1993 Jul 1;72(1):37–41. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19930701)72:1<37::aid-cncr2820720109>3.0.co;2-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Müller J. M., Erasmi H., Stelzner M., Zieren U., Pichlmaier H. Surgical therapy of oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1990 Aug;77(8):845–857. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800770804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Nagawa H., Kobori O., Muto T. Prediction of pulmonary complications after transthoracic oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 1994 Jun;81(6):860–862. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Nagawa H., Kobori O., Muto T. Prediction of pulmonary complications after transthoracic oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 1994 Jun;81(6):860–862. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Nelson D. B., Axelrad A. M., Fleischer D. E., Kozarek R. A., Silvis S. E., Freeman M. L., Benjamin S. B. Silicone-covered Wallstent prototypes for palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and digestive-respiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Jan;45(1):31–37. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70325-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Nemoto K., Takai Y., Ogawa Y., Kakuto Y., Ariga H., Matsushita H., Wada H., Yamada S. Fatal hemorrhage in irradiated esophageal cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 1998;37(3):259–262. doi: 10.1080/028418698429559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Neugut A. I., Hayek M., Howe G. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. Semin Oncol. 1996 Jun;23(3):281–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Neuhaus H., Hoffmann W., Dittler H. J., Niedermeyer H. P., Classen M. Implantation of self-expanding esophageal metal stents for palliation of malignant dysphagia. Endoscopy. 1992 Jun;24(5):405–410. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Ninan M., Sommers K. E., Landreneau R. J., Weyant R. J., Tobias J., Luketich J. D., Ferson P. F., Keenan R. J. Standardized exercise oximetry predicts postpneumonectomy outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Aug;64(2):328–333. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00474-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Nunn J. F., Milledge J. S., Chen D., Dore C. Respiratory criteria of fitness for surgery and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1988 Jul;43(7):543–551. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb06683.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Nwokolo C. U., Payne-James J. J., Silk D. B., Misiewicz J. J., Loft D. E. Palliation of malignant dysphagia by ethanol induced tumour necrosis. Gut. 1994 Mar;35(3):299–303. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.3.299. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Nygaard K., Hagen S., Hansen H. S., Hatlevoll R., Hultborn R., Jakobsen A., Mäntyla M., Modig H., Munck-Wikland E., Rosengren B. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg. 1992 Nov-Dec;16(6):1104–1110. doi: 10.1007/BF02067069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Okajima K., Isozaki H. Splenectomy for treatment of gastric cancer: Japanese experience. World J Surg. 1995 Jul-Aug;19(4):537–540. doi: 10.1007/BF00294715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Oliver S. E., Robertson C. S., Logan R. F., Sokal M., Pearson J. C., Atkinson M. What does radiotherapy add to survival over endoscopic intubation alone in inoperable squamous cell oesophageal cancer? Gut. 1990 Jul;31(7):750–752. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.7.750. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Orringer M. B., Bluett M., Deeb G. M. Aggressive treatment of chylothorax complicating transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy. Surgery. 1988 Oct;104(4):720–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Orringer M. B. Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg. 1984 Sep;200(3):282–288. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198409000-00005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Paraf F., Fléjou J. F., Pignon J. P., Fékété F., Potet F. Surgical pathology of adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus. Analysis of 67 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995 Feb;19(2):183–191. doi: 10.1097/00000478-199502000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Parikh D., Johnson M., Chagla L., Lowe D., McCulloch P. D2 gastrectomy: lessons from a prospective audit of the learning curve. Br J Surg. 1996 Nov;83(11):1595–1599. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800831134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Parsonnet J., Friedman G. D., Vandersteen D. P., Chang Y., Vogelman J. H., Orentreich N., Sibley R. K. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991 Oct 17;325(16):1127–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199110173251603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Paterson I. M., Wong J. Anastomotic leakage: an avoidable complication of Lewis-Tanner oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 1989 Feb;76(2):127–129. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800760207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Payne-James J. J., Spiller R. C., Misiewicz J. J., Silk D. B. Use of ethanol-induced tumor necrosis to palliate dysphagia in patients with esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990 Jan-Feb;36(1):43–46. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(90)70921-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Pierie J. P., de Graaf P. W., Poen H., van der Tweel I., Obertop H. Incidence and management of benign anastomotic stricture after cervical oesophagogastrostomy. Br J Surg. 1993 Apr;80(4):471–474. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800800422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Pignon J. P., Ducreux M., Rougier P. Meta-analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer: a critical reappraisal. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Apr;12(4):877–878. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.4.877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Poplin E., Fleming T., Leichman L., Seydel H. G., Steiger Z., Taylor S., Vance R., Stuckey W. J., Rivkin S. E. Combined therapies for squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus, a Southwest Oncology Group Study (SWOG-8037). J Clin Oncol. 1987 Apr;5(4):622–628. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1987.5.4.622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Powell J., McConkey C. C. The rising trend in oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1992 Apr;1(3):265–269. doi: 10.1097/00008469-199204000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Prytherch D. R., Whiteley M. S., Higgins B., Weaver P. C., Prout W. G., Powell S. J. POSSUM and Portsmouth POSSUM for predicting mortality. Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity. Br J Surg. 1998 Sep;85(9):1217–1220. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00840.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Pyrhönen S., Kuitunen T., Nyandoto P., Kouri M. Randomised comparison of fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin and methotrexate (FEMTX) plus supportive care with supportive care alone in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 1995 Mar;71(3):587–591. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1995.114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Quint L. E., Hepburn L. M., Francis I. R., Whyte R. I., Orringer M. B. Incidence and distribution of distant metastases from newly diagnosed esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1995 Oct 1;76(7):1120–1125. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19951001)76:7<1120::aid-cncr2820760704>3.0.co;2-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Roder J. D., Busch R., Stein H. J., Fink U., Siewert J. R. Ratio of invaded to removed lymph nodes as a predictor of survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg. 1994 Mar;81(3):410–413. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Rokkas T., Filipe M. I., Sladen G. E. Detection of an increased incidence of early gastric cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia type III who are closely followed up. Gut. 1991 Oct;32(10):1110–1113. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.10.1110. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Rolón P. A., Castellsagué X., Benz M., Muñoz N. Hot and cold mate drinking and esophageal cancer in Paraguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995 Sep;4(6):595–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Rosen H. R., Jatzko G., Repse S., Potrc S., Neudorfer H., Sandbichler P., Zacherl J., Rabl H., Holzberger P., Lisborg P. Adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy with carbon-adsorbed mitomycin in patients with gastric cancer: results of a randomized multicenter trial of the Austrian Working Group for Surgical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Aug;16(8):2733–2738. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.8.2733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Roseveare C. D., Patel P., Simmonds N., Goggin P. M., Kimble J., Shepherd H. A. Metal stents improve dysphagia, nutrition and survival in malignant oesophageal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial comparing modified Gianturco Z-stents with plastic Atkinson tubes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Aug;10(8):653–657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Ross P. J., Rao S., Cunningham D. Chemotherapy of oesophago-gastric cancer. Pathol Oncol Res. 1998;4(2):87–95. doi: 10.1007/BF02904700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Rougier P., Mahjoubi M., Lasser P., Ducreux M., Oliveira J., Ychou M., Pignon J. P., Elias D., Bellefqih S., Bognel C. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric carcinoma--a phase II trial with combined continuous intravenous 5-fluorouracil and bolus cisplatinum. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(9):1269–1275. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90171-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Sagar P. M., Gauperaa T., Sue-Ling H., McMahon M. J., Johnston D. An audit of the treatment of cancer of the oesophagus. Gut. 1994 Jul;35(7):941–945. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.7.941. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Sagar P. M., Johnston D., McMahon M. J., Dixon M. F., Quirke P. Significance of circumferential resection margin involvement after oesophagectomy for cancer. Br J Surg. 1993 Nov;80(11):1386–1388. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800801109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Sargeant I. R., Thorpe S., Bown S. G. Cuffed esophageal prosthesis: a useful device in desperate situations in esophageal malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992 Nov-Dec;38(6):669–675. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(92)70562-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Sargeant I. R., Tobias J. S., Blackman G., Thorpe S., Glover J. R., Bown S. G. Radiotherapy enhances laser palliation of malignant dysphagia: a randomised study. Gut. 1997 Mar;40(3):362–369. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.3.362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Saunders H. S., Wolfman N. T., Ott D. J. Esophageal cancer. Radiologic staging. Radiol Clin North Am. 1997 Mar;35(2):281–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Sauvanet A., Baltar J., Le Mee J., Belghiti J. Diagnosis and conservative management of intrathoracic leakage after oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 1998 Oct;85(10):1446–1449. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00869.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Sawant D., Moghissi K. Management of unresectable oesophageal cancer: a review of 537 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8(3):113–117. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(94)90164-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Schwartz L. H., Gandras E. J., Colangelo S. M., Ercolani M. C., Panicek D. M. Prevalence and importance of small hepatic lesions found at CT in patients with cancer. Radiology. 1999 Jan;210(1):71–74. doi: 10.1148/radiology.210.1.r99ja0371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Sedgwick D. M., Akoh J. A., Macintyre I. M. Gastric cancer in Scotland: changing epidemiology, unchanging workload. BMJ. 1991 Jun 1;302(6788):1305–1307. doi: 10.1136/bmj.302.6788.1305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Segalin A., Bonavina L., Carazzone A., Ceriani C., Peracchia A. Improving results of esophageal stenting: a study on 160 consecutive unselected patients. Endoscopy. 1997 Oct;29(8):701–709. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1004293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Seto Y., Nagawa H., Muto T. Results of extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer cases with N2 lymph node metastasis. Int Surg. 1997 Jul-Sep;82(3):257–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Shenkman Z., Shir Y., Brodsky J. B. Perioperative management of the obese patient. Br J Anaesth. 1993 Mar;70(3):349–359. doi: 10.1093/bja/70.3.349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Shirao K., Shimada Y., Kondo H., Saito D., Yamao T., Ono H., Yokoyama T., Fukuda H., Oka M., Watanabe Y. Phase I-II study of irinotecan hydrochloride combined with cisplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):921–927. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.3.921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Shmueli E., Srivastava E., Dawes P. J., Clague M., Matthewson K., Record C. O. Combination of laser treatment and intraluminal radiotherapy for malignant dysphagia. Gut. 1996 Jun;38(6):803–805. doi: 10.1136/gut.38.6.803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Siersema P. D., Hop W. C., Dees J., Tilanus H. W., van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998 Feb;47(2):113–120. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70342-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Siewert J. R., Böttcher K., Roder J. D., Busch R., Hermanek P., Meyer H. J. Prognostic relevance of systematic lymph node dissection in gastric carcinoma. German Gastric Carcinoma Study Group. Br J Surg. 1993 Aug;80(8):1015–1018. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800800829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Siewert J. R., Kestlmeier R., Busch R., Böttcher K., Roder J. D., Müller J., Fellbaum C., Höfler H. Benefits of D2 lymph node dissection for patients with gastric cancer and pN0 and pN1 lymph node metastases. Br J Surg. 1996 Aug;83(8):1144–1147. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800830836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Skinner D. B. En bloc resection for neoplasms of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Jan;85(1):59–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Skinner D. B., Little A. G., Ferguson M. K., Soriano A., Staszak V. M. Selection of operation for esophageal cancer based on staging. Ann Surg. 1986 Oct;204(4):391–401. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198610000-00007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Smith T. P., Kinasewitz G. T., Tucker W. Y., Spillers W. P., George R. B. Exercise capacity as a predictor of post-thoracotomy morbidity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May;129(5):730–734. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.5.730. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Song H. Y., Choi K. C., Kwon H. C., Yang D. H., Cho B. H., Lee S. T. Esophageal strictures: treatment with a new design of modified Gianturco stent. Work in progress. Radiology. 1992 Sep;184(3):729–734. doi: 10.1148/radiology.184.3.1509057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Songun I., Keizer H. J., Hermans J., Klementschitsch P., de Vries J. E., Wils J. A., van der Bijl J., van Krieken J. H., van de Velde C. J. Chemotherapy for operable gastric cancer: results of the Dutch randomised FAMTX trial. The Dutch Gastric Cancer Group (DGCG). Eur J Cancer. 1999 Apr;35(4):558–562. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00429-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Sons H. U., Borchard F. Cancer of the distal esophagus and cardia. Incidence, tumorous infiltration, and metastatic spread. Ann Surg. 1986 Feb;203(2):188–195. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198602000-00013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Spechler S. J., Zeroogian J. M., Antonioli D. A., Wang H. H., Goyal R. K. Prevalence of metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Lancet. 1994 Dec 3;344(8936):1533–1536. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90349-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Spencer G. M., Thorpe S. M., Sargeant I. R., Blackman G. M., Solano J., Tobias J. S., Bown S. G. Laser and brachytherapy in the palliation of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia. Gut. 1996 Nov;39(5):726–731. doi: 10.1136/gut.39.5.726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Stahl M., Vanhoefer U., Stuschke M., Walz M. K., Müller C., Wilke H. Pre-operative sequential chemo- and radiochemotherapy in locally advanced carcinomas of the lower oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction. Eur J Cancer. 1998 Apr;34(5):668–673. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)10109-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Stalsberg H., Taksdal S. Stomach cancer following gastric surgery for benign conditions. Lancet. 1971 Nov 27;2(7735):1175–1177. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)90489-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Stanners A. J., Malu A. O., Miloszewski K. J. Alcohol injection for palliation of malignant oesophageal disease. Lancet. 1993 Mar 20;341(8847):767–767. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90547-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Stell D. A., Carter C. R., Stewart I., Anderson J. R. Prospective comparison of laparoscopy, ultrasonography and computed tomography in the staging of gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 1996 Sep;83(9):1260–1262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Sue-Ling H. M., Johnston D., Martin I. G., Dixon M. F., Lansdown M. R., McMahon M. J., Axon A. T. Gastric cancer: a curable disease in Britain. BMJ. 1993 Sep 4;307(6904):591–596. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6904.591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Sugimachi K., Watanabe M., Sadanaga N., Ikebe M., Kitamura K., Mori M., Kuwano H. Recent advances in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J Am Coll Surg. 1994 Apr;178(4):363–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Suvakovic Z., Bramble M. G., Jones R., Wilson C., Idle N., Ryott J. Improving the detection rate of early gastric cancer requires more than open access gastroscopy: a five year study. Gut. 1997 Sep;41(3):308–313. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.3.308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Feb;156(2):297–302. doi: 10.2214/ajr.156.2.1898802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Feb;156(2):297–302. doi: 10.2214/ajr.156.2.1898802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Talley N. J., Silverstein M. D., Agréus L., Nyrén O., Sonnenberg A., Holtmann G. AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology. 1998 Mar;114(3):582–595. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70542-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Talley N. J., Weaver A. L., Tesmer D. L., Zinsmeister A. R. Lack of discriminant value of dyspepsia subgroups in patients referred for upper endoscopy. Gastroenterology. 1993 Nov;105(5):1378–1386. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90142-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Tam P. C., Siu K. F., Cheung H. C., Ma L., Wong J. Local recurrences after subtotal esophagectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1987 Feb;205(2):189–194. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198702000-00014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Tan C. C., Freeman J. G., Holmes G. K., Benghiat A. Laser therapy combined with brachytherapy for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Singapore Med J. 1998 May;39(5):202–207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Tavani A., Negri E., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in women in northern Italy. Cancer. 1993 Nov 1;72(9):2531–2536. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19931101)72:9<2531::aid-cncr2820720903>3.0.co;2-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Tio T. L., Cohen P., Coene P. P., Udding J., den Hartog Jager F. C., Tytgat G. N. Endosonography and computed tomography of esophageal carcinoma. Preoperative classification compared to the new (1987) TNM system. Gastroenterology. 1989 Jun;96(6):1478–1486. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)90515-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Trédaniel J., Boffetta P., Buiatti E., Saracci R., Hirsch A. Tobacco smoking and gastric cancer: review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 1997 Aug 7;72(4):565–573. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970807)72:4<565::aid-ijc3>3.0.co;2-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Tsutsui S., Kuwano H., Watanabe M., Kitamura M., Sugimachi K. Resection margin for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg. 1995 Aug;222(2):193–202. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199508000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Tytgat G. N. Endoscopic features of the columnar-lined esophagus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1997 Sep;26(3):507–517. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70310-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Uno Y., Obara K., Kanazawa K., Sasaki Y., Fukuda S., Munakata A. Stent implantation for malignant pyloric stenosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Dec;46(6):552–555. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70014-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Valverde A., Hay J. M., Fingerhut A., Elhadad A. Manual versus mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis after resection for carcinoma: a controlled trial. French Associations for Surgical Research. Surgery. 1996 Sep;120(3):476–483. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6060(96)80066-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Van Overhagen H., Laméris J. S., Berger M. Y., Tilanus H. W., Van Pel R., Klooswijk A. I., Schütte H. E. Improved assessment of supraclavicular and abdominal metastases in oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma with the combination of ultrasound and computed tomography. Br J Radiol. 1993 Mar;66(783):203–208. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-66-783-203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Vaughan T. L., Davis S., Kristal A., Thomas D. B. Obesity, alcohol, and tobacco as risk factors for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia: adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995 Mar;4(2):85–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Vermeijden J. R., Bartelsman J. F., Fockens P., Meijer R. C., Tytgat G. N. Self-expanding metal stents for palliation of esophagocardial malignancies. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Jan;41(1):58–63. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(95)70277-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Vigneswaran W. T., Trastek V. F., Pairolero P. C., Deschamps C., Daly R. C., Allen M. S. Transhiatal esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993 Oct;56(4):838–846. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(93)90341-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Vilgrain V., Mompoint D., Palazzo L., Menu Y., Gayet B., Ollier P., Nahum H., Fekete F. Staging of esophageal carcinoma: comparison of results with endoscopic sonography and CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990 Aug;155(2):277–281. doi: 10.2214/ajr.155.2.2115251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Waghorn A., Thompson J., McKee M. Routine surgical follow up: do surgeons agree? BMJ. 1995 Nov 18;311(7016):1344–1345. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7016.1344. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Wakefield S. E., Mansell N. J., Baigrie R. J., Dowling B. L. Use of a feeding jejunostomy after oesophagogastric surgery. Br J Surg. 1995 Jun;82(6):811–813. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800820629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Walsh T. N., Noonan N., Hollywood D., Kelly A., Keeling N., Hennessy T. P. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 15;335(7):462–467. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199608153350702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Wanebo H. J., Kennedy B. J., Winchester D. P., Stewart A. K., Fremgen A. M. Role of splenectomy in gastric cancer surgery: adverse effect of elective splenectomy on longterm survival. J Am Coll Surg. 1997 Aug;185(2):177–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Waters J. S., Norman A., Cunningham D., Scarffe J. H., Webb A., Harper P., Joffe J. K., Mackean M., Mansi J., Leahy M. Long-term survival after epirubicin, cisplatin and fluorouracil for gastric cancer: results of a randomized trial. Br J Cancer. 1999 Apr;80(1-2):269–272. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690350. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Watkinson A., Ellul J., Entwisle K., Farrugia M., Mason R., Adam A. Plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses in the management of oesophageal perforation in patients with oesophageal carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 1995 May;50(5):304–309. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)83421-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Watson A., Allen P. R. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on outcome after resection for esophageal cancer. Surgery. 1994 Apr;115(4):429–432. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Watson A. Operable esophageal cancer: current results from the West. World J Surg. 1994 May-Jun;18(3):361–366. doi: 10.1007/BF00316815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Wayman J., Hayes N., Griffin S. M. The response of early gastric cancer to proton-pump inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jun 25;338(26):1924–1925. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806253382616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Webb A., Cunningham D., Scarffe J. H., Harper P., Norman A., Joffe J. K., Hughes M., Mansi J., Findlay M., Hill A. Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jan;15(1):261–267. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.1.261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Weigert N., Neuhaus H., Rösch T., Hoffmann W., Dittler H. J., Classen M. Treatment of esophagorespiratory fistulas with silicone-coated self-expanding metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 May;41(5):490–496. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(05)80009-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Wilke H., Preusser P., Fink U., Gunzer U., Meyer H. J., Meyer J., Siewert J. R., Achterrath W., Lenaz L., Knipp H. Preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced and nonresectable gastric cancer: a phase II study with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 1989 Sep;7(9):1318–1326. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1989.7.9.1318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Wilkins W. E., Walker J., McNulty M. R., Britton D. C., Gough K. R. The organisation and evaluation of an open-access dysphagia clinic. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1984 Mar;66(2):115–116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Wong D. H., Weber E. C., Schell M. J., Wong A. B., Anderson C. T., Barker S. J. Factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesth Analg. 1995 Feb;80(2):276–284. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199502000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Wu W. C., Katon R. M., Saxon R. R., Barton R. E., Uchida B. T., Keller F. S., Rösch J. Silicone-covered self-expanding metallic stents for the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistulas: experience in 32 patients and a review of the literature. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994 Jan-Feb;40(1):22–33. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(94)70005-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Yu W., Whang I., Suh I., Averbach A., Chang D., Sugarbaker P. H. Prospective randomized trial of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as an adjuvant to resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg. 1998 Sep;228(3):347–354. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199809000-00007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Ziegler K., Sanft C., Zeitz M., Friedrich M., Stein H., Häring R., Riecken E. O. Evaluation of endosonography in TN staging of oesophageal cancer. Gut. 1991 Jan;32(1):16–20. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.1.16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Ziegler K., Sanft C., Zimmer T., Zeitz M., Felsenberg D., Stein H., Germer C., Deutschmann C., Riecken E. O. Comparison of computed tomography, endosonography, and intraoperative assessment in TN staging of gastric carcinoma. Gut. 1993 May;34(5):604–610. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.5.604. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Zieren H. U., Müller J. M., Pichlmaier H. Prospective randomized study of one- or two-layer anastomosis following oesophageal resection and cervical oesophagogastrostomy. Br J Surg. 1993 May;80(5):608–611. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800800519. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. van Lanschot J. J., van Blankenstein M., Oei H. Y., Tilanus H. W. Randomized comparison of prevertebral and retrosternal gastric tube reconstruction after resection of oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1999 Jan;86(1):102–108. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.00981.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. van Overhagen H., Laméris J. S., Berger M. Y., Klooswijk A. I., Tilanus H. W., van Pel R., Schütte H. E. CT assessment of resectability prior to transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal/gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1993 May-Jun;17(3):367–373. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199305000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. van der Gaast A., Kok T. C., Kerkhofs L., Siersema P. D., Tilanus H. W., Splinter T. A. Phase I study of a biweekly schedule of a fixed dose of cisplatin with increasing doses of paclitaxel in patients with advanced oesophageal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999 Jun;80(7):1052–1057. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690462. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES