Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 2004 Sep;53(Suppl 5):v1–v16. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.043372

Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults

M Carter, A Lobo, S Travis
PMCID: PMC1867788  PMID: 15306569

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (159.5 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abi-Hanna D., Wakefield D. Expression of HLA antigens on the human uvea. Br J Rheumatol. 1988;27 (Suppl 2):68–71. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/xxvii.suppl_2.68. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Actis G. C., Aimo G., Priolo G., Moscato D., Rizzetto M., Pagni R. Efficacy and efficiency of oral microemulsion cyclosporin versus intravenous and soft gelatin capsule cyclosporin in the treatment of severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: an open-label retrospective trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1998 Nov;4(4):276–279. doi: 10.1002/ibd.3780040404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alfadhli A. A., McDonald J. W., Feagan B. G. Methotrexate for induction of remission in refractory Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003459–CD003459. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Allison M. C., Vallance R. Prevalence of proximal faecal stasis in active ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1991 Feb;32(2):179–182. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.2.179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Andrews H. A., Keighley M. R., Alexander-Williams J., Allan R. N. Strategy for management of distal ileal Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1991 Jun;78(6):679–682. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800780614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ardizzone S., Bianchi Porro G. Inflammatory bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment. J Intern Med. 2002 Dec;252(6):475–496. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01067.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ardizzone S., Molteni P., Bollani S., Bianchi Porro G. Guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in remission. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Sep;9(9):836–841. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199709000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BARON J. H., CONNELL A. M., KANAGHINIS T. G., LENNARD-JONES J. E., JONES A. F. Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis. Comparison between three doses of oral prednisone. Br Med J. 1962 Aug 18;2(5302):441–443. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5302.441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Burke A., Lichtenstein G. R., Rombeau J. L. Nutrition and ulcerative colitis. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1997 Mar;11(1):153–174. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3528(97)90059-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cameron J. L., Hamilton S. R., Coleman J., Sitzmann J. V., Bayless T. M. Patterns of ileal recurrence in Crohn's disease. A prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 1992 May;215(5):546–552. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199205000-00018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cammà C., Giunta M., Rosselli M., Cottone M. Mesalamine in the maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis adjusted for confounding variables. Gastroenterology. 1997 Nov;113(5):1465–1473. doi: 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9352848. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Caprilli R., Viscido A., Guagnozzi D. Review article: biological agents in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;16(9):1579–1590. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01319.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Card T., West J., Hubbard R., Logan R. F. A. Hip fractures in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their relationship to corticosteroid use: a population based cohort study. Gut. 2004 Feb;53(2):251–255. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.026799. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Card Tim, Hubbard Richard, Logan Richard F. A. Mortality in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec;125(6):1583–1590. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Chapman R. W., Selby W. S., Jewell D. P. Controlled trial of intravenous metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1986 Oct;27(10):1210–1212. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.10.1210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chintapatla S., Scott N. A. Intestinal failure in complex gastrointestinal fistulae. Nutrition. 2002 Nov-Dec;18(11-12):991–996. doi: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00983-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cohen R. D., Woseth D. M., Thisted R. A., Hanauer S. B. A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 May;95(5):1263–1276. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01940.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Colombel J. F., Ferrari N., Debuysere H., Marteau P., Gendre J. P., Bonaz B., Soulé J. C., Modigliani R., Touze Y., Catala P. Genotypic analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in patients with Crohn's disease and severe myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy. Gastroenterology. 2000 Jun;118(6):1025–1030. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70354-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Colombel Jean-Frederic, Loftus Edward V., Jr, Tremaine William J., Egan Laurence J., Harmsen W. Scott, Schleck Cathy D., Zinsmeister Alan R., Sandborn William J. The safety profile of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: the Mayo clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1):19–31. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Compston J. Osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2003 Jan;52(1):63–64. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.1.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Connell W. R., Kamm M. A., Ritchie J. K., Lennard-Jones J. E. Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: 27 years of experience. Gut. 1993 Aug;34(8):1081–1085. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.8.1081. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cottone M., Cammà C. Mesalamine and relapse prevention in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2000 Aug;119(2):597–597. doi: 10.1053/gast.2000.16153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cottone M., Rosselli M., Orlando A., Oliva L., Puleo A., Cappello M., Traina M., Tonelli F., Pagliaro L. Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1994 Mar;106(3):643–648. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90697-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Couckuyt H., Gevers A. M., Coremans G., Hiele M., Rutgeerts P. Efficacy and safety of hydrostatic balloon dilatation of ileocolonic Crohn's strictures: a prospective longterm analysis. Gut. 1995 Apr;36(4):577–580. doi: 10.1136/gut.36.4.577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cristaldi M., Sampietro G. M., Danelli P. G., Bollani S., Bianchi Porro G., Taschieri A. M. Long-term results and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 138 consecutive patients operated on for Crohn's disease using "bowel-sparing" techniques. Am J Surg. 2000 Apr;179(4):266–270. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00334-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. D'Haens G., Lemmens L., Geboes K., Vandeputte L., Van Acker F., Mortelmans L., Peeters M., Vermeire S., Penninckx F., Nevens F. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2001 May;120(6):1323–1329. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.23983. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Daperno M., Sostegni R., Rocca R., Rigazio C., Scaglione N., Castellino F., Ercole E., Pera A. Review article: medical treatment of severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jul;16 (Suppl 4):7–12. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s4.2.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Eaden J., Abrams K., Ekbom A., Jackson E., Mayberry J. Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Feb;14(2):145–153. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00698.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Eccles M., Clapp Z., Grimshaw J., Adams P. C., Higgins B., Purves I., Russell I. North of England evidence based guidelines development project: methods of guideline development. BMJ. 1996 Mar 23;312(7033):760–762. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7033.760. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Edwards C. M., George B. D., Jewell D. P., Warren B. F., Mortensen N. J., Kettlewell M. G. Role of a defunctioning stoma in the management of large bowel Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 2000 Aug;87(8):1063–1066. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01467.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ekbom A., Helmick C., Zack M., Adami H. O. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 1;323(18):1228–1233. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199011013231802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Fazio V. W., Marchetti F., Church M., Goldblum J. R., Lavery C., Hull T. L., Milsom J. W., Strong S. A., Oakley J. R., Secic M. Effect of resection margins on the recurrence of Crohn's disease in the small bowel. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 1996 Oct;224(4):563–573. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199610000-00014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fazio V. W., Ziv Y., Church J. M., Oakley J. R., Lavery I. C., Milsom J. W., Schroeder T. K. Ileal pouch-anal anastomoses complications and function in 1005 patients. Ann Surg. 1995 Aug;222(2):120–127. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199508000-00003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Feagan B. G., Fedorak R. N., Irvine E. J., Wild G., Sutherland L., Steinhart A. H., Greenberg G. R., Koval J., Wong C. J., Hopkins M. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 1;342(22):1627–1632. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200006013422202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Feagan Brian G. 5-ASA therapy for active Crohn's disease: old friends, old data, and a new conclusion. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 May;2(5):376–378. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00121-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ferguson A., Glen M., Ghosh S. Crohn's disease: nutrition and nutritional therapy. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1998 Mar;12(1):93–114. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3528(98)90087-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fernández-Banares F., Cabré E., Esteve-Comas M., Gassull M. A. How effective is enteral nutrition in inducing clinical remission in active Crohn's disease? A meta-analysis of the randomized clinical trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1995 Sep-Oct;19(5):356–364. doi: 10.1177/0148607195019005356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Francella Andrew, Dyan Alan, Bodian Carol, Rubin Peter, Chapman Mark, Present Daniel H. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):9–17. doi: 10.1053/gast.2003.50014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Franchimont Denis, Kino Tomoshige, Galon Jerome, Meduri Gianfranco Umberto, Chrousos George. Glucocorticoids and inflammation revisited: the state of the art. NIH clinical staff conference. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2002;10(5):247–260. doi: 10.1159/000069969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Fraser A. G., Orchard T. R., Jewell D. P. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review. Gut. 2002 Apr;50(4):485–489. doi: 10.1136/gut.50.4.485. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Fraser Alan G. Methotrexate: first-line or second-line immunomodulator? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Mar;15(3):225–231. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000049994.68425.dd. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gasche C., Scholmerich J., Brynskov J., D'Haens G., Hanauer S. B., Irvine E. J., Jewell D. P., Rachmilewitz D., Sachar D. B., Sandborn W. J. A simple classification of Crohn's disease: report of the Working Party for the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna 1998. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2000 Feb;6(1):8–15. doi: 10.1097/00054725-200002000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Gassull M. A., Cabré E. Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001 Nov;4(6):561–569. doi: 10.1097/00075197-200111000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Gionchetti P., Rizzello F., Venturi A., Brigidi P., Matteuzzi D., Bazzocchi G., Poggioli G., Miglioli M., Campieri M. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2000 Aug;119(2):305–309. doi: 10.1053/gast.2000.9370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Graham Toby O., Kandil Hossam M. Nutritional factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2002 Mar;31(1):203–218. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(01)00022-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hallgren T. A., Fasth S. B., Oresland T. O., Hultén L. A. Ileal pouch anal function after endoanal mucosectomy and handsewn ileoanal anastomosis compared with stapled anastomosis without mucosectomy. Eur J Surg. 1995 Dec;161(12):915–921. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hamilton R. A., Kremer J. M. Why intramuscular methotrexate may be more efficacious than oral dosing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jan;36(1):86–90. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/36.1.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Hanauer S. B. Dose-ranging study of mesalamine (PENTASA) enemas in the treatment of acute ulcerative proctosigmoiditis: results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. PENTASA Enema Study Group. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1998 May;4(2):79–83. doi: 10.1002/ibd.3780040202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hanauer Stephen B., Feagan Brian G., Lichtenstein Gary R., Mayer Lloyd F., Schreiber S., Colombel Jean Frederic, Rachmilewitz Daniel, Wolf Douglas C., Olson Allan, Bao Weihang. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 May 4;359(9317):1541–1549. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08512-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hanauer Stephen B., Strömberg Ulf. Oral Pentasa in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: A meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 May;2(5):379–388. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00122-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hawthorne A. B., Logan R. F., Hawkey C. J., Foster P. N., Axon A. T., Swarbrick E. T., Scott B. B., Lennard-Jones J. E. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis. BMJ. 1992 Jul 4;305(6844):20–22. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6844.20. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hawthorne A. Barney. Ciclosporin and refractory colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Mar;15(3):239–244. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200303000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Jenkins D., Balsitis M., Gallivan S., Dixon M. F., Gilmour H. M., Shepherd N. A., Theodossi A., Williams G. T. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J Clin Pathol. 1997 Feb;50(2):93–105. doi: 10.1136/jcp.50.2.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Jewell D. P., Truelove S. C. Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1974 Dec 14;4(5945):627–630. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5945.627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Järnerot G., Rolny P., Sandberg-Gertzén H. Intensive intravenous treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1985 Nov;89(5):1005–1013. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90201-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kane S. V., Schoenfeld P., Sandborn W. J., Tremaine W., Hofer T., Feagan B. G. The effectiveness of budesonide therapy for Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Aug;16(8):1509–1517. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01289.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Karch L. A., Bauer J. J., Gorfine S. R., Gelernt I. M. Subtotal colectomy with Hartmann's pouch for inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995 Jun;38(6):635–639. doi: 10.1007/BF02054125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Katz J. A., Pore G. Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001 May;7(2):146–157. doi: 10.1097/00054725-200105000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Khubchandani I. T., Kontostolis S. B. Outcome of ileorectal anastomosis in an inflammatory bowel disease surgery experience of three decades. Arch Surg. 1994 Aug;129(8):866–869. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1994.01420320092018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. LENNARD-JONES J. E., LONGMORE A. J., NEWELL A. C., WILSON C. W., JONES F. A. An assessment of prednisone, salazopyrin, and topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate used as out-patient treatment for ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1960 Sep;1:217–222. doi: 10.1136/gut.1.3.217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Langholz E., Munkholm P., Davidsen M., Binder V. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology. 1994 Jul;107(1):3–11. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90054-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lapidus A., Bernell O., Hellers G., Persson P. G., Löfberg R. Incidence of Crohn's disease in Stockholm County 1955-1989. Gut. 1997 Oct;41(4):480–486. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.4.480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lashner B. A., Evans A. A., Hanauer S. B. Preoperative total parenteral nutrition for bowel resection in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1989 May;34(5):741–746. doi: 10.1007/BF01540346. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lavy A. Triamcinolone improves outcome in Crohn's disease strictures. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997 Feb;40(2):184–186. doi: 10.1007/BF02054985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Lennard-Jones J. E., Shivananda S. Clinical uniformity of inflammatory bowel disease a presentation and during the first year of disease in the north and south of Europe. EC-IBD Study Group. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Apr;9(4):353–359. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199704000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lennard L., Gibson B. E., Nicole T., Lilleyman J. S. Congenital thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency and 6-mercaptopurine toxicity during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Nov;69(5):577–579. doi: 10.1136/adc.69.5.577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Leong A. P., Londono-Schimmer E. E., Phillips R. K. Life-table analysis of stomal complications following ileostomy. Br J Surg. 1994 May;81(5):727–729. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lewis J. D., Bilker W. B., Brensinger C., Deren J. J., Vaughn D. J., Strom B. L. Inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology. 2001 Nov;121(5):1080–1087. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.28703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Lewis J. D., Schwartz J. S., Lichtenstein G. R. Azathioprine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease: benefits outweigh the risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology. 2000 Jun;118(6):1018–1024. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70353-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lichtiger S., Present D. H., Kornbluth A., Gelernt I., Bauer J., Galler G., Michelassi F., Hanauer S. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1841–1845. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199406303302601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ljung T., Karlén P., Schmidt D., Hellström P. M., Lapidus A., Janczewska I., Sjöqvist U., Löfberg R. Infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical outcome in a population based cohort from Stockholm County. Gut. 2004 Jun;53(6):849–853. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.018515. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Lochs H., Mayer M., Fleig W. E., Mortensen P. B., Bauer P., Genser D., Petritsch W., Raithel M., Hoffmann R., Gross V. Prophylaxis of postoperative relapse in Crohn's disease with mesalamine: European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study VI. Gastroenterology. 2000 Feb;118(2):264–273. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70208-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Loftus E. V., Jr, Kane S. V., Bjorkman D. Systematic review: short-term adverse effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid agents in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jan 15;19(2):179–189. doi: 10.1111/j.0269-2813.2004.01827.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Loftus Edward V., Jr Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 2004 May;126(6):1504–1517. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Loftus Edward V., Jr, Crowson Cynthia S., Sandborn William J., Tremaine William J., O'Fallon William M., Melton L. Joseph., 3rd Long-term fracture risk in patients with Crohn's disease: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 2002 Aug;123(2):468–475. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.34779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Longobardi Teresa, Jacobs Philip, Wu Lieling, Bernstein Charles N. Work losses related to inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: results from a National Population Health Survey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Apr;98(4):844–849. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07378.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Makowiec F., Jehle E. C., Starlinger M. Clinical course of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Gut. 1995 Nov;37(5):696–701. doi: 10.1136/gut.37.5.696. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Malchow H., Ewe K., Brandes J. W., Goebell H., Ehms H., Sommer H., Jesdinsky H. European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology. 1984 Feb;86(2):249–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Margolin M. L., Krumholz M. P., Fochios S. E., Korelitz B. I. Clinical trials in ulcerative colitis: II. Historical review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988 Mar;83(3):227–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Marshall J. K., Irvine E. J. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut. 1997 Jun;40(6):775–781. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.6.775. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Marteau P., Crand J., Foucault M., Rambaud J. C. Use of mesalazine slow release suppositories 1 g three times per week to maintain remission of ulcerative proctitis: a randomised double blind placebo controlled multicentre study. Gut. 1998 Feb;42(2):195–199. doi: 10.1136/gut.42.2.195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. McGovern Dermot P. B., Travis Simon P. L. Thiopurine therapy: when to start and when to stop. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Mar;15(3):219–223. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000049993.68425.13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. McKee R. F., Keenan R. A., Munro A. Colectomy for acute colitis: is it safe to close the rectal stump? Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10(4):222–224. doi: 10.1007/BF00346223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Messori A., Trallori G., D'Albasio G., Milla M., Vannozzi G., Pacini F. Defined-formula diets versus steroids in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996 Mar;31(3):267–272. doi: 10.3109/00365529609004877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Mimura T., Rizzello F., Helwig U., Poggioli G., Schreiber S., Talbot I. C., Nicholls R. J., Gionchetti P., Campieri M., Kamm M. A. Four-week open-label trial of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 May;16(5):909–917. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01203.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Modigliani R., Colombel J. F., Dupas J. L., Dapoigny M., Costil V., Veyrac M., Duclos B., Soulé J. C., Gendre J. P., Galmiche J. P. Mesalamine in Crohn's disease with steroid-induced remission: effect on steroid withdrawal and remission maintenance, Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology. 1996 Mar;110(3):688–693. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Modigliani R., Mary J. Y., Simon J. F., Cortot A., Soule J. C., Gendre J. P., Rene E. Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn's disease. Evolution on prednisolone. Groupe d'Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology. 1990 Apr;98(4):811–818. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90002-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Munkholm P., Langholz E., Davidsen M., Binder V. Disease activity courses in a regional cohort of Crohn's disease patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995 Jul;30(7):699–706. doi: 10.3109/00365529509096316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Munkholm P., Langholz E., Davidsen M., Binder V. Intestinal cancer risk and mortality in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1993 Dec;105(6):1716–1723. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)91068-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Ng R. L., Davies A. H., Grace R. H., Mortensen N. J. Subcutaneous rectal stump closure after emergency subtotal colectomy. Br J Surg. 1992 Jul;79(7):701–703. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800790737. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Nielsen O. H., Vainer B., Rask-Madsen J. Review article: the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Nov;15(11):1699–1708. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01102.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Nørgård B., Fonager K., Pedersen L., Jacobsen B. A., Sørensen H. T. Birth outcome in women exposed to 5-aminosalicylic acid during pregnancy: a Danish cohort study. Gut. 2003 Feb;52(2):243–247. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.2.243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Ostro M. J., Greenberg G. R., Jeejeebhoy K. N. Total parenteral nutrition and complete bowel rest in the management of Crohn's disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1985 May-Jun;9(3):280–287. doi: 10.1177/0148607185009003280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Pearson D. C., May G. R., Fick G., Sutherland L. R. Azathioprine for maintaining remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000067–CD000067. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Prantera C., Cottone M., Pallone F., Annese V., Franzè A., Cerutti R., Bianchi Porro G. Mesalamine in the treatment of mild to moderate active Crohn's ileitis: results of a randomized, multicenter trial. Gastroenterology. 1999 Mar;116(3):521–526. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70172-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Present D. H., Rutgeerts P., Targan S., Hanauer S. B., Mayer L., van Hogezand R. A., Podolsky D. K., Sands B. E., Braakman T., DeWoody K. L. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999 May 6;340(18):1398–1405. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199905063401804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Ransford R. A. J., Langman M. J. S. Sulphasalazine and mesalazine: serious adverse reactions re-evaluated on the basis of suspected adverse reaction reports to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. Gut. 2002 Oct;51(4):536–539. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.4.536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Reilly W. T., Pemberton J. H., Wolff B. G., Nivatvongs S., Devine R. M., Litchy W. J., McIntyre P. B. Randomized prospective trial comparing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis performed by excising the anal mucosa to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis performed by preserving the anal mucosa. Ann Surg. 1997 Jun;225(6):666–677. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199706000-00004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Robinson A., Thompson D. G., Wilkin D., Roberts C., Northwest Gastrointestinal Research Group Guided self-management and patient-directed follow-up of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001 Sep 22;358(9286):976–981. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06105-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Rubin G. P., Hungin A. P., Kelly P. J., Ling J. Inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology and management in an English general practice population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Dec;14(12):1553–1559. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00886.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Rutgeerts P., Hiele M., Geboes K., Peeters M., Penninckx F., Aerts R., Kerremans R. Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn's recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology. 1995 Jun;108(6):1617–1621. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90121-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Rutgeerts Paul, Van Assche Gert, Vermeire Séverine. Optimizing anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2004 May;126(6):1593–1610. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Rutter Matthew, Saunders Brian, Wilkinson Kay, Rumbles Steve, Schofield Gillian, Kamm Michael, Williams Christopher, Price Ashley, Talbot Ian, Forbes Alastair. Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2004 Feb;126(2):451–459. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Safdi M., DeMicco M., Sninsky C., Banks P., Wruble L., Deren J., Koval G., Nichols T., Targan S., Fleishman C. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Oct;92(10):1867–1871. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Sandborn W. J., Hanauer S. B. Systematic review: the pharmacokinetic profiles of oral mesalazine formulations and mesalazine pro-drugs used in the management of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jan;17(1):29–42. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01408.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Sandborn W., Sutherland L., Pearson D., May G., Modigliani R., Prantera C. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for inducing remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000545–CD000545. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sandborn William J., Fazio Victor W., Feagan Brian G., Hanauer Stephen B., American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Committee AGA technical review on perianal Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2003 Nov;125(5):1508–1530. doi: 10.1016/j.gastro.2003.08.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sandborn William J., Feagan Brian G., Hanauer Stephen B., Lochs Herbert, Löfberg Robert, Modigliani Robert, Present Daniel H., Rutgeerts Paul, Schölmerich Jurgen, Stange Eduard F. A review of activity indices and efficacy endpoints for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2002 Feb;122(2):512–530. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.31072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Sands Bruce E., Anderson Frank H., Bernstein Charles N., Chey William Y., Feagan Brian G., Fedorak Richard N., Kamm Michael A., Korzenik Joshua R., Lashner Bret A., Onken Jane E. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):876–885. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Sands Bruce E. From symptom to diagnosis: clinical distinctions among various forms of intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2004 May;126(6):1518–1532. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Scotiniotis I., Rubesin S. E., Ginsberg G. G. Imaging modalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1999 Jun;28(2):391-421, ix. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70062-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Scott H. J., Northover J. M. Evaluation of surgery for perianal Crohn's fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996 Sep;39(9):1039–1043. doi: 10.1007/BF02054696. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Shen B., Achkar J. P., Lashner B. A., Ormsby A. H., Remzi F. H., Brzezinski A., Bevins C. L., Bambrick M. L., Seidner D. L., Fazio V. W. A randomized clinical trial of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole to treat acute pouchitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001 Nov;7(4):301–305. doi: 10.1097/00054725-200111000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Shepherd N. A., Jass J. R., Duval I., Moskowitz R. L., Nicholls R. J., Morson B. C. Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir: pathological and histochemical study of mucosal biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol. 1987 Jun;40(6):601–607. doi: 10.1136/jcp.40.6.601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Shivananda S., Lennard-Jones J., Logan R., Fear N., Price A., Carpenter L., van Blankenstein M. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut. 1996 Nov;39(5):690–697. doi: 10.1136/gut.39.5.690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Soetikno Roy M., Lin Otto S., Heidenreich Paul A., Young Harvey S., Blackstone Michael O. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Jul;56(1):48–54. doi: 10.1067/mge.2002.125367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Stebbing J. F., Jewell D. P., Kettlewell M. G., Mortensen N. J. Recurrence and reoperation after strictureplasty for obstructive Crohn's disease: long-term results [corrected]. Br J Surg. 1995 Nov;82(11):1471–1474. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800821108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Steinhart A. H., Ewe K., Griffiths A. M., Modigliani R., Thomsen O. O. Corticosteroids for maintaining remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD000301–CD000301. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Su Chinyu G., Judge Thomas A., Lichtenstein Gary R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2002 Mar;31(1):307–327. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(01)00019-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Summers R. W., Switz D. M., Sessions J. T., Jr, Becktel J. M., Best W. R., Kern F., Jr, Singleton J. W. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology. 1979 Oct;77(4 Pt 2):847–869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Sutherland L., Roth D., Beck P., May G., Makiyama K. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for inducing remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000543–CD000543. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Sutherland L., Roth D., Beck P., May G., Makiyama K. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD000544–CD000544. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Sutherland L., Singleton J., Sessions J., Hanauer S., Krawitt E., Rankin G., Summers R., Mekhjian H., Greenberger N., Kelly M. Double blind, placebo controlled trial of metronidazole in Crohn's disease. Gut. 1991 Sep;32(9):1071–1075. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.9.1071. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. TRUELOVE S. C., WATKINSON G., DRAPER G. Comparison of corticosteroid and sulphasalazine therapy in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1962 Dec 29;2(5321):1708–1711. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5321.1708. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. TRUELOVE S. C., WITTS L. J. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955 Oct 29;2(4947):1041–1048. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4947.1041. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Targan S. R., Hanauer S. B., van Deventer S. J., Mayer L., Present D. H., Braakman T., DeWoody K. L., Schaible T. F., Rutgeerts P. J. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 9;337(15):1029–1035. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199710093371502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Te H. S., Schiano T. D., Kuan S. F., Hanauer S. B., Conjeevaram H. S., Baker A. L. Hepatic effects of long-term methotrexate use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Nov;95(11):3150–3156. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03287.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Tiede Imke, Fritz Gerhard, Strand Susanne, Poppe Daniela, Dvorsky Radovan, Strand Dennis, Lehr Hans Anton, Wirtz Stefan, Becker Christoph, Atreya Raja. CD28-dependent Rac1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest. 2003 Apr;111(8):1133–1145. doi: 10.1172/JCI16432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Travis S. P., Farrant J. M., Ricketts C., Nolan D. J., Mortensen N. M., Kettlewell M. G., Jewell D. P. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996 Jun;38(6):905–910. doi: 10.1136/gut.38.6.905. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Travis S. Azathioprine for prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 Nov;13(11):1277–1279. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200111000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Travis Simon. Recent advances in immunomodulation in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Mar;15(3):215–218. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200303000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Ullman Thomas, Croog Victoria, Harpaz Noam, Sachar David, Itzkowitz Steven. Progression of flat low-grade dysplasia to advanced neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2003 Nov;125(5):1311–1319. doi: 10.1016/j.gastro.2003.08.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Van Assche Gert, D'Haens Geert, Noman Maja, Vermeire Séverine, Hiele Martin, Asnong Katrien, Arts Joris, D'Hoore Andre, Penninckx Freddy, Rutgeerts Paul. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2003 Oct;125(4):1025–1031. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)01214-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Van Staa Tjeerd P., Travis Simon, Leufkens Hubert G. M., Logan Richard F. 5-aminosalicylic acids and the risk of renal disease: a large British epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jun;126(7):1733–1739. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Walmsley R. S., Ayres R. C., Pounder R. E., Allan R. N. A simple clinical colitis activity index. Gut. 1998 Jul;43(1):29–32. doi: 10.1136/gut.43.1.29. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Winther Karen Vanessa, Jess Tine, Langholz Ebbe, Munkholm Pia, Binder Vibeke. Survival and cause-specific mortality in ulcerative colitis: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec;125(6):1576–1582. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Witte A. M., Veenendaal R. A., Van Hogezand R. A., Verspaget H. W., Lamers C. B. Crohn's disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract: the value of endoscopic examination. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1998;225:100–105. doi: 10.1080/003655298750027308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Yamamoto T., Bain I. M., Connolly A. B., Keighley M. R. Gastroduodenal fistulas in Crohn's disease: clinical features and management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 Oct;41(10):1287–1292. doi: 10.1007/BF02258230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Yamamoto T., Bain I. M., Mylonakis E., Allan R. N., Keighley M. R. Stapled functional end-to-end anastomosis versus sutured end-to-end anastomosis after ileocolonic resection in Crohn disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999 Jul;34(7):708–713. doi: 10.1080/003655299750025921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Zachos M., Tondeur M., Griffiths A. M. Enteral nutritional therapy for inducing remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD000542–CD000542. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. van Staa Tjeerd-Pieter, Cooper Cyrus, Brusse Listy Samuels, Leufkens Hubert, Javaid Muhammad K., Arden Nigel K. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of fracture. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec;125(6):1591–1597. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES