Skip to main content
The American Journal of Pathology logoLink to The American Journal of Pathology
. 1989 Dec;135(6):977–987.

Molecular genetic analysis of lymphoid tumors arising after organ transplantation.

J Locker 1, M Nalesnik 1
PMCID: PMC1880507  PMID: 2556930

Abstract

A variety of gene analyses were performed on lymphoid tumors from transplant patients who received cyclosporine A for immunosuppression. Epstein-Barr virus DNA was detected in the tumors, and the structure of circular episomal virus DNA was used as a measure of cell clonality. This analysis was correlated with clonality determined by study of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. Some of the tumors had DNA rearrangements near the c-myc gene. Analysis suggested the pathogenesis of the tumors and indicated four categories of lymphoproliferation, three neoplastic and one reactive.

Full text

PDF
977

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alitalo K., Schwab M., Lin C. C., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Homogeneously staining chromosomal regions contain amplified copies of an abundantly expressed cellular oncogene (c-myc) in malignant neuroendocrine cells from a human colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(6):1707–1711. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.6.1707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baer R., Bankier A. T., Biggin M. D., Deininger P. L., Farrell P. J., Gibson T. J., Hatfull G., Hudson G. S., Satchwell S. C., Séguin C. DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus genome. Nature. 1984 Jul 19;310(5974):207–211. doi: 10.1038/310207a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brown N. A., Liu C. R., Wang Y. F., Garcia C. R. B-cell lymphoproliferation and lymphomagenesis are associated with clonotypic intracellular terminal regions of the Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol. 1988 Mar;62(3):962–969. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.3.962-969.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cesarman E., Dalla-Favera R., Bentley D., Groudine M. Mutations in the first exon are associated with altered transcription of c-myc in Burkitt lymphoma. Science. 1987 Nov 27;238(4831):1272–1275. doi: 10.1126/science.3685977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cleary M. L., Chao J., Warnke R., Sklar J. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement as a diagnostic criterion of B-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(2):593–597. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.2.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cleary M. L., Nalesnik M. A., Shearer W. T., Sklar J. Clonal analysis of transplant-associated lymphoproliferations based on the structure of the genomic termini of the Epstein-Barr virus. Blood. 1988 Jul;72(1):349–352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dalla-Favera R., Gelmann E. P., Martinotti S., Franchini G., Papas T. S., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. Cloning and characterization of different human sequences related to the onc gene (v-myc) of avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6497–6501. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dmitrovsky E., Kuehl W. M., Hollis G. F., Kirsch I. R., Bender T. P., Segal S. Expression of a transfected human c-myc oncogene inhibits differentiation of a mouse erythroleukaemia cell line. Nature. 1986 Aug 21;322(6081):748–750. doi: 10.1038/322748a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Frizzera G., Hanto D. W., Gajl-Peczalska K. J., Rosai J., McKenna R. W., Sibley R. K., Holahan K. P., Lindquist L. L. Polymorphic diffuse B-cell hyperplasias and lymphomas in renal transplant recipients. Cancer Res. 1981 Nov;41(11 Pt 1):4262–4279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Graham D. E. The isolation of high molecular weight DNA from whole organisms or large tissue masses. Anal Biochem. 1978 Apr;85(2):609–613. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90262-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Haluska F. G., Finver S., Tsujimoto Y., Croce C. M. The t(8; 14) chromosomal translocation occurring in B-cell malignancies results from mistakes in V-D-J joining. Nature. 1986 Nov 13;324(6093):158–161. doi: 10.1038/324158a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Haluska F. G., Tsujimoto Y., Croce C. M. The t(8;14) breakpoint of the EW 36 undifferentiated lymphoma cell line lies 5' of MYC in a region prone to involvement in endemic Burkitt's lymphomas. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Mar 25;16(5):2077–2085. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.5.2077. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hann S. R., King M. W., Bentley D. L., Anderson C. W., Eisenman R. N. A non-AUG translational initiation in c-myc exon 1 generates an N-terminally distinct protein whose synthesis is disrupted in Burkitt's lymphomas. Cell. 1988 Jan 29;52(2):185–195. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90507-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hanto D. W., Frizzera G., Gajl-Peczalska K. J., Simmons R. L. Epstein-Barr virus, immunodeficiency, and B cell lymphoproliferation. Transplantation. 1985 May;39(5):461–472. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198505000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hanto D. W., Gajl-Peczalska K. J., Frizzera G., Arthur D. C., Balfour H. H., Jr, McClain K., Simmons R. L., Najarian J. S. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced polyclonal and monoclonal B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases occurring after renal transplantation. Clinical, pathologic, and virologic findings and implications for therapy. Ann Surg. 1983 Sep;198(3):356–369. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198309000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Henle W., Diehl V., Kohn G., Zur Hausen H., Henle G. Herpes-type virus and chromosome marker in normal leukocytes after growth with irradiated Burkitt cells. Science. 1967 Sep 1;157(3792):1064–1065. doi: 10.1126/science.157.3792.1064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hennessy K., Heller M., van Santen V., Kieff E. Simple repeat array in Epstein-Barr virus DNA encodes part of the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen. Science. 1983 Jun 24;220(4604):1396–1398. doi: 10.1126/science.6304878. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hieter P. A., Hollis G. F., Korsmeyer S. J., Waldmann T. A., Leder P. Clustered arrangement of immunoglobulin lambda constant region genes in man. Nature. 1981 Dec 10;294(5841):536–540. doi: 10.1038/294536a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hieter P. A., Maizel J. V., Jr, Leder P. Evolution of human immunoglobulin kappa J region genes. J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb 10;257(3):1516–1522. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ho M., Jaffe R., Miller G., Breinig M. K., Dummer J. S., Makowka L., Atchison R. W., Karrer F., Nalesnik M. A., Starzl T. E. The frequency of Epstein-Barr virus infection and associated lymphoproliferative syndrome after transplantation and its manifestations in children. Transplantation. 1988 Apr;45(4):719–727. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198804000-00011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ho M., Miller G., Atchison R. W., Breinig M. K., Dummer J. S., Andiman W., Starzl T. E., Eastman R., Griffith B. P., Hardesty R. L. Epstein-Barr virus infections and DNA hybridization studies in posttransplantation lymphoma and lymphoproliferative lesions: the role of primary infection. J Infect Dis. 1985 Nov;152(5):876–886. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.5.876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hollis G. F., Gazdar A. F., Bertness V., Kirsch I. R. Complex translocation disrupts c-myc regulation in a human plasma cell myeloma. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):124–129. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Katamine S., Otsu M., Tada K., Tsuchiya S., Sato T., Ishida N., Honjo T., Ono Y. Epstein-Barr virus transforms precursor B cells even before immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Nature. 1984 May 24;309(5966):369–372. doi: 10.1038/309369a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Klein G. The approaching era of the tumor suppressor genes. Science. 1987 Dec 11;238(4833):1539–1545. doi: 10.1126/science.3317834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kunnath L., Locker J. Variable methylation of the ribosomal RNA genes of the rat. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jul 10;10(13):3877–3892. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.13.3877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nalesnik M. A., Jaffe R., Starzl T. E., Demetris A. J., Porter K., Burnham J. A., Makowka L., Ho M., Locker J. The pathology of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders occurring in the setting of cyclosporine A-prednisone immunosuppression. Am J Pathol. 1988 Oct;133(1):173–192. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Nalesnik M. A., Locker J., Jaffe R., Demetris A. J., Hartle K., Burnham J. A., Makowka L., Starzl T. E. Clonal characteristics of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Transplant Proc. 1988 Feb;20(1 Suppl 1):280–283. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Pelicci P. G., Knowles D. M., 2nd, Magrath I., Dalla-Favera R. Chromosomal breakpoints and structural alterations of the c-myc locus differ in endemic and sporadic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(9):2984–2988. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.9.2984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Penn I. Tumors arising in organ transplant recipients. Adv Cancer Res. 1978;28:31–61. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60645-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Purtilo D. T. Defective immune surveillance in viral carcinogenesis. Lab Invest. 1984 Oct;51(4):373–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Purtilo D. T., Tatsumi E., Manolov G., Manolova Y., Harada S., Lipscomb H., Krueger G. Epstein-Barr virus as an etiological agent in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative and aproliferative diseases in immune deficient patients. Int Rev Exp Pathol. 1985;27:113–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Raab-Traub N., Flynn K. The structure of the termini of the Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation. Cell. 1986 Dec 26;47(6):883–889. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90803-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ravetch J. V., Siebenlist U., Korsmeyer S., Waldmann T., Leder P. Structure of the human immunoglobulin mu locus: characterization of embryonic and rearranged J and D genes. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(3 Pt 2):583–591. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90400-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Rigby P. W., Dieckmann M., Rhodes C., Berg P. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J Mol Biol. 1977 Jun 15;113(1):237–251. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Saemundsen A. K., Purtilo D. T., Sakamoto K., Sullivan J. L., Synnerholm A. C., Hanto D., Simmons R., Anvret M., Collins R., Klein G. Documentation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in immunodeficient patients with life-threatening lymphoproliferative diseases by Epstein-Barr virus complementary RNA/DNA and viral DNA/DNA hybridization. Cancer Res. 1981 Nov;41(11 Pt 1):4237–4242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Starzl T. E., Nalesnik M. A., Porter K. A., Ho M., Iwatsuki S., Griffith B. P., Rosenthal J. T., Hakala T. R., Shaw B. W., Jr, Hardesty R. L. Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet. 1984 Mar 17;1(8377):583–587. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90994-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Taub R., Kirsch I., Morton C., Lenoir G., Swan D., Tronick S., Aaronson S., Leder P. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(24):7837–7841. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Taub R., Kirsch I., Morton C., Lenoir G., Swan D., Tronick S., Aaronson S., Leder P. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(24):7837–7841. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Thorley-Lawson D. A., Mann K. P. Early events in Epstein-Barr virus infection provide a model for B cell activation. J Exp Med. 1985 Jul 1;162(1):45–59. doi: 10.1084/jem.162.1.45. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Wang D., Liebowitz D., Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):831–840. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90256-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Weintraub J., Warnke R. A. Lymphoma in cardiac allotransplant recipients. Clinical and histological features and immunological phenotype. Transplantation. 1982 Apr;33(4):347–351. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198204000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The American Journal of Pathology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Investigative Pathology

RESOURCES