We read with great interest the article by de Jong et al.[1] on the combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs. The report describes that the combination of NSAIDs with SSRI increased the use of peptic ulcer drugs, which were used as proxy for gastrointestinal adverse effects. Tricyclic antidepressants augmented the risk of peptic ulcer drug use less than SSRIs. Furthermore, the authors emphasize that there are until now no reports about adverse effects caused by the combination of Cox-2 inhibitors and SSRIs. As no separate analyses were presented for the different SSRIs and the different NSAIDs, the report suggests a class effect for SSRIs explaining the observations. The results are discussed by the authors as indicating a pharmacodynamic interaction of the two substance classes, since both classes are independently associated with these types of side-effects. They finally identify the impairment of the haemostatic function due to inhibition of serotonin reuptake as a plausible basis of the observed interaction.
These conclusions call for some comments. Firstly, a risk of bleeding disturbances has also been shown for this type of substance, and has been related to alterations of thrombocyte aggregation [2], which weakens the hypothesis of a pharmacodynamic interaction. More importantly, some NSAIDs are substrates of the cytochrome P450 2C9 (e.g. diclofenac, ibuprofen), whereas others in this drug category (e.g. ketoprofen) are not metabolized by this enzyme [3]. Besides, the cox-2-inhibitors celecoxib and rofecoxib are both not significantly metabolized by CYP2C9 [4]. On the other hand, SSRIs differ with regard to their antagonistic properties on this enzyme [5, 6]. Fluvoxamine is, for example, a strong CYP2C9 blocker, which increases its risk for pharmacokinetic interactions with CYP2C9 substrates, whereas the affinity of other SSRIs (e.g. sertraline) for this enzyme is rather weak. The relative risk of interactions may therefore be expected to vary among the class of SSRIs. Furthermore, frequently used tricyclic drugs like amitriptyline or clomipramine are not significant inhibitors of CYP2C9.
In conclusion, it cannot be ruled out, that the observations reported by de Jong et al. might be due to pharmacokinetic interactions. The increased risk of gastrointestinal side-effects with NSAID/SSRI combination could be mostly due to increased plasma concentrations of NSAIDs when combined with some particular SSRIs, especially with fluvoxamine. Without analyzing separately the inhibiting and noninhibiting SSRIs on the one hand, and the CYP2C9 substrates on the other, the conclusion that SSRIs as a group may be associated in combination with NSAIDs with such an overproportional risk of gastrointestinal bleeding seems premature.
References
- 1.de Jong JC, van den Berg PB, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;55:591–5. doi: 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2002.01770.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Hampel H, Berger C, Kuss HJ, Müller-Spahn F. Unstable anticoagulation in the course of amitriptyline treatment. Pharmacopsychiat. 1996;29:33–7. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Leemann TD, Transon C, Bonnabry P, Dayer P. A major role for cytochrome P450TB (CYP2C subfamily) in the actions of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1993;19:189–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Kirchheiner J, Stormer E, Meisel C, Steinbach N, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Influence of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of celecoxib and its metabolites. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:473–80. doi: 10.1097/00008571-200308000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Hemeryck A, De Vriendt C, Belpaire FM. Inhibition of CYP2C9 by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: in vitro studies with tolbutamide and (S)-warfarin using human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;54:947–51. doi: 10.1007/s002280050580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug–drug interactions: an update. Curr Drug Metab. 2002;3:13–37. doi: 10.2174/1389200023338017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]