Abstract
To investigate the roles of bases near the tips of each strand of the long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the integration reaction, we examined the efficiencies of both binding and integration activities of staggered-ended substrates and mismatched mutant substrates by the integration assay and the UV cross-linking assay. Our results suggest that some bases of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are required primarily for binding, whereas others are more critical for later reaction steps in vitro.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (206.4 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Brown P. O., Bowerman B., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Retroviral integration: structure of the initial covalent product and its precursor, and a role for the viral IN protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2525–2529. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bushman F. D., Craigie R. Activities of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integration protein in vitro: specific cleavage and integration of HIV DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1339–1343. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bushman F. D., Craigie R. Integration of human immunodeficiency virus DNA: adduct interference analysis of required DNA sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3458–3462. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.8.3458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bushman F. D., Craigie R. Sequence requirements for integration of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA in vitro. J Virol. 1990 Nov;64(11):5645–5648. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5645-5648.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bushman F. D., Fujiwara T., Craigie R. Retroviral DNA integration directed by HIV integration protein in vitro. Science. 1990 Sep 28;249(4976):1555–1558. doi: 10.1126/science.2171144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Craigie R., Fujiwara T., Bushman F. The IN protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus processes the viral DNA ends and accomplishes their integration in vitro. Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):829–837. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90126-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellison V., Brown P. O. A stable complex between integrase and viral DNA ends mediates human immunodeficiency virus integration in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 19;91(15):7316–7320. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7316. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engelman A., Bushman F. D., Craigie R. Identification of discrete functional domains of HIV-1 integrase and their organization within an active multimeric complex. EMBO J. 1993 Aug;12(8):3269–3275. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05996.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engelman A., Hickman A. B., Craigie R. The core and carboxyl-terminal domains of the integrase protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 each contribute to nonspecific DNA binding. J Virol. 1994 Sep;68(9):5911–5917. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5911-5917.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fujiwara T., Craigie R. Integration of mini-retroviral DNA: a cell-free reaction for biochemical analysis of retroviral integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3065–3069. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fujiwara T., Mizuuchi K. Retroviral DNA integration: structure of an integration intermediate. Cell. 1988 Aug 12;54(4):497–504. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90071-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goff S. P. Genetics of retroviral integration. Annu Rev Genet. 1992;26:527–544. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.26.120192.002523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hong T., Murphy E., Groarke J., Drlica K. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA integration: fine structure target analysis using synthetic oligonucleotides. J Virol. 1993 Feb;67(2):1127–1131. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.1127-1131.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katz R. A., Merkel G., Kulkosky J., Leis J., Skalka A. M. The avian retroviral IN protein is both necessary and sufficient for integrative recombination in vitro. Cell. 1990 Oct 5;63(1):87–95. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90290-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katzman M., Katz R. A., Skalka A. M., Leis J. The avian retroviral integration protein cleaves the terminal sequences of linear viral DNA at the in vivo sites of integration. J Virol. 1989 Dec;63(12):5319–5327. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5319-5327.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LaFemina R. L., Callahan P. L., Cordingley M. G. Substrate specificity of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein. J Virol. 1991 Oct;65(10):5624–5630. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.10.5624-5630.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Murphy J. E., Goff S. P. A mutation at one end of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA blocks cleavage of both ends by the viral integrase in vivo. J Virol. 1992 Aug;66(8):5092–5095. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.5092-5095.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roth M. J., Schwartzberg P. L., Goff S. P. Structure of the termini of DNA intermediates in the integration of retroviral DNA: dependence on IN function and terminal DNA sequence. Cell. 1989 Jul 14;58(1):47–54. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90401-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roth M. J., Schwartzberg P., Tanese N., Goff S. P. Analysis of mutations in the integration function of Moloney murine leukemia virus: effects on DNA binding and cutting. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):4709–4717. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4709-4717.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sherman P. A., Dickson M. L., Fyfe J. A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration protein: DNA sequence requirements for cleaving and joining reactions. J Virol. 1992 Jun;66(6):3593–3601. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.6.3593-3601.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sherman P. A., Fyfe J. A. Human immunodeficiency virus integration protein expressed in Escherichia coli possesses selective DNA cleaving activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jul;87(13):5119–5123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.13.5119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vink C., Plasterk R. H. The human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein. Trends Genet. 1993 Dec;9(12):433–438. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90107-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vink C., van Gent D. C., Elgersma Y., Plasterk R. H. Human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein requires a subterminal position of its viral DNA recognition sequence for efficient cleavage. J Virol. 1991 Sep;65(9):4636–4644. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.9.4636-4644.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vora A. C., Fitzgerald M. L., Grandgenett D. P. Removal of 3'-OH-terminal nucleotides from blunt-ended long terminal repeat termini by the avian retrovirus integration protein. J Virol. 1990 Nov;64(11):5656–5659. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5656-5659.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitcomb J. M., Hughes S. H. Retroviral reverse transcription and integration: progress and problems. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1992;8:275–306. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.08.110192.001423. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoshinaga T., Kimura-Ohtani Y., Fujiwara T. Detection and characterization of a functional complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and its DNA substrate by UV cross-linking. J Virol. 1994 Sep;68(9):5690–5697. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5690-5697.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van den Ent F. M., Vink C., Plasterk R. H. DNA substrate requirements for different activities of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein. J Virol. 1994 Dec;68(12):7825–7832. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.7825-7832.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]