Skip to main content
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy logoLink to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
. 1992 Apr;36(4):695–703. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.4.695

Active efflux mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance.

S B Levy 1
PMCID: PMC189356  PMID: 1503431

Full text

PDF
695

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ball P. R., Shales S. W., Chopra I. Plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli involves increased efflux of the antibiotic. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Mar 13;93(1):74–81. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(80)80247-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Beck J. C., Rosen B. P. Cation/proton antiport systems in escherichia coli: properties of the sodium/proton antiporter. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1979 Apr 15;194(1):208–214. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90611-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bissonnette L., Champetier S., Buisson J. P., Roy P. H. Characterization of the nonenzymatic chloramphenicol resistance (cmlA) gene of the In4 integron of Tn1696: similarity of the product to transmembrane transport proteins. J Bacteriol. 1991 Jul;173(14):4493–4502. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.14.4493-4502.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brey R. N., Rosen B. P. Cation/proton antiport systems in Escherichia coli. Properties of the calcium/proton antiporter. J Biol Chem. 1979 Mar 25;254(6):1957–1963. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brey R. N., Rosen B. P., Sorensen E. N. Cation/proton antiport systems in Escherichia coli. Properties of the potassium/proton antiporter. J Biol Chem. 1980 Jan 10;255(1):39–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Celesk R. A., Robillard N. J. Factors influencing the accumulation of ciprofloxacin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Nov;33(11):1921–1926. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.11.1921. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cervantes C., Ohtake H., Chu L., Misra T. K., Silver S. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the chromate resistance determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid pUM505. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jan;172(1):287–291. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.1.287-291.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cohen S. P., Hooper D. C., Wolfson J. S., Souza K. S., McMurry L. M., Levy S. B. Endogenous active efflux of norfloxacin in susceptible Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Aug;32(8):1187–1191. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.8.1187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen S. P., McMurry L. M., Hooper D. C., Wolfson J. S., Levy S. B. Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: decreased drug accumulation associated with membrane changes in addition to OmpF reduction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Aug;33(8):1318–1325. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.8.1318. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Coleman D. C., Chopra I., Shales S. W., Howe T. G., Foster T. J. Analysis of tetracycline resistance encoded by transposon Tn10: deletion mapping of tetracycline-sensitive point mutations and identification of two structural genes. J Bacteriol. 1983 Feb;153(2):921–929. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.2.921-929.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Connamacher R. H., Mandel H. G., Hahn F. E. Adaptation of populations of Bacillus cereus to tetracycline. Mol Pharmacol. 1967 Nov;3(6):586–594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Curiale M. S., Levy S. B. Two complementation groups mediate tetracycline resistance determined by Tn10. J Bacteriol. 1982 Jul;151(1):209–215. doi: 10.1128/jb.151.1.209-215.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Curiale M. S., McMurry L. M., Levy S. B. Intracistronic complementation of the tetracycline resistance membrane protein of Tn10. J Bacteriol. 1984 Jan;157(1):211–217. doi: 10.1128/jb.157.1.211-217.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dano K. Active outward transport of daunomycin in resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1973 Oct 25;323(3):466–483. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90191-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Deuchars K. L., Ling V. P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Semin Oncol. 1989 Apr;16(2):156–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Dorman C. J., Foster T. J., Shaw W. V. Nucleotide sequence of the R26 chloramphenicol resistance determinant and identification of its gene product. Gene. 1986;41(2-3):349–353. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90119-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Eckert B., Beck C. F. Topology of the transposon Tn10-encoded tetracycline resistance protein within the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 15;264(20):11663–11670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fernández-Moreno M. A., Caballero J. L., Hopwood D. A., Malpartida F. The act cluster contains regulatory and antibiotic export genes, direct targets for translational control by the bldA tRNA gene of Streptomyces. Cell. 1991 Aug 23;66(4):769–780. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90120-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Foote S. J., Kyle D. E., Martin R. K., Oduola A. M., Forsyth K., Kemp D. J., Cowman A. F. Several alleles of the multidrug-resistance gene are closely linked to chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 1990 May 17;345(6272):255–258. doi: 10.1038/345255a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. George A. M., Levy S. B. Amplifiable resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and other antibiotics in Escherichia coli: involvement of a non-plasmid-determined efflux of tetracycline. J Bacteriol. 1983 Aug;155(2):531–540. doi: 10.1128/jb.155.2.531-540.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. George A. M., Levy S. B. Gene in the major cotransduction gap of the Escherichia coli K-12 linkage map required for the expression of chromosomal resistance to tetracycline and other antibiotics. J Bacteriol. 1983 Aug;155(2):541–548. doi: 10.1128/jb.155.2.541-548.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Goldman R. C., Capobianco J. O. Role of an energy-dependent efflux pump in plasmid pNE24-mediated resistance to 14- and 15-membered macrolides in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Oct;34(10):1973–1980. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.10.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Grinius L., Dreguniene G., Goldberg E. B., Liao C. H., Projan S. J. A staphylococcal multidrug resistance gene product is a member of a new protein family. Plasmid. 1992 Mar;27(2):119–129. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(92)90012-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Harold F. M., Papineau D. Cation transport and electrogenesis by Streptococcus faecalis. II. Proton and sodium extrusion. J Membr Biol. 1972;8(1):45–62. doi: 10.1007/BF01868094. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hickman R. K., Levy S. B. Evidence that TET protein functions as a multimer in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1988 Apr;170(4):1715–1720. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.4.1715-1720.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hoshino T., Ikeda T., Tomizuka N., Furukawa K. Nucleotide sequence of the tetracycline resistance gene of pTHT15, a thermophilic Bacillus plasmid: comparison with staphylococcal TcR controls. Gene. 1985;37(1-3):131–138. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90265-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. IZAKI K., ARIMA K. DISAPPEARANCE OF OXYTETRACYCLINE ACCUMULATION IN THE CELLS OF MULTIPLE DRUG-RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI. Nature. 1963 Oct 26;200:384–385. doi: 10.1038/200384a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Jorgensen R. A., Reznikoff W. S. Organization of structural and regulatory genes that mediate tetracycline resistance in transposon Tn10. J Bacteriol. 1979 Jun;138(3):705–714. doi: 10.1128/jb.138.3.705-714.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kaatz G. W., Seo S. M., Ruble C. A. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 1991 May;163(5):1080–1086. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.5.1080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kamimoto Y., Gatmaitan Z., Hsu J., Arias I. M. The function of Gp170, the multidrug resistance gene product, in rat liver canalicular membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 15;264(20):11693–11698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kaneko M., Yamaguchi A., Sawai T. Energetics of tetracycline efflux system encoded by Tn10 in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1985 Dec 2;193(2):194–198. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80149-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kobayashi H., Van Brunt J., Harold F. M. ATP-linked calcium transport in cells and membrane vesicles of Streptococcus faecalis. J Biol Chem. 1978 Apr 10;253(7):2085–2092. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Krogstad D. J., Gluzman I. Y., Kyle D. E., Oduola A. M., Martin S. K., Milhous W. K., Schlesinger P. H. Efflux of chloroquine from Plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Science. 1987 Nov 27;238(4831):1283–1285. doi: 10.1126/science.3317830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kushner D. J., Khan S. R. Proflavine Uptake and Release in Sensitive and Resistant Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1968 Oct;96(4):1103–1114. doi: 10.1128/jb.96.4.1103-1114.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lambert B., Le Pecq J. B. Effect of mutation, electric membrane potential, and metabolic inhibitors on the accessibility of nucleic acids to ethidium bromide in Escherichia coli cells. Biochemistry. 1984 Jan 3;23(1):166–176. doi: 10.1021/bi00296a027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lampson B. C., von David W., Parisi J. T. Novel mechanism for plasmid-mediated erythromycin resistance by pNE24 from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Nov;30(5):653–658. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.5.653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Levy S. B. Evolution and spread of tetracycline resistance determinants. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1989 Jul;24(1):1–3. doi: 10.1093/jac/24.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Levy S. B., McMurry L. Detection of an inducible membrane protein associated with R-factor-mediated tetracycline resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Feb 27;56(4):1060–1068. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80296-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Levy S. B., McMurry L. Plasmid-determined tetracycline resistance involves new transport systems for tetracycline. Nature. 1978 Nov 2;276(5683):90–92. doi: 10.1038/276090a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Littlejohn T. G., DiBerardino D., Messerotti L. J., Spiers S. J., Skurray R. A. Structure and evolution of a family of genes encoding antiseptic and disinfectant resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Gene. 1991 May 15;101(1):59–66. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90224-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Marquardt D., McCrone S., Center M. S. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in HL60 cells: detection of resistance-associated proteins with antibodies against synthetic peptides that correspond to the deduced sequence of P-glycoprotein. Cancer Res. 1990 Mar 1;50(5):1426–1430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Martin S. K., Oduola A. M., Milhous W. K. Reversal of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by verapamil. Science. 1987 Feb 20;235(4791):899–901. doi: 10.1126/science.3544220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. McMurry L. M., Aronson D. A., Levy S. B. Susceptible Escherichia coli cells can actively excrete tetracyclines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983 Oct;24(4):544–551. doi: 10.1128/aac.24.4.544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. McMurry L. M., Park B. H., Burdett V., Levy S. B. Energy-dependent efflux mediated by class L (tetL) tetracycline resistance determinant from streptococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Oct;31(10):1648–1650. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.10.1648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. McMurry L., Petrucci R. E., Jr, Levy S. B. Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3974–3977. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Midgley M. The phosphonium ion efflux system of Escherichia coli: relationship to the ethidium efflux system and energetic studies. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Nov;132(11):3187–3193. doi: 10.1099/00221287-132-11-3187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Mobley H. L., Rosen B. P. Energetics of plasmid-mediated arsenate resistance in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(20):6119–6122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.20.6119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mojumdar M., Khan S. A. Characterization of the tetracycline resistance gene of plasmid pT181 of Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1988 Dec;170(12):5522–5528. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.12.5522-5528.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nakamura H. Acriflavine-binding capacity of Escherichia coli in relation to acriflavine sensitivity and metabolic activity. J Bacteriol. 1966 Nov;92(5):1447–1452. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.5.1447-1452.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nakamura T., Hsu C., Rosen B. P. Cation/proton antiport systems in Escherichia coli. Solubilization and reconstitution of delta pH-driven sodium/proton and calcium/proton antiporters. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 15;261(2):678–683. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Neal R. J., Chater K. F. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals similarities between proteins determining methylenomycin A resistance in Streptomyces and tetracycline resistance in eubacteria. Gene. 1987;58(2-3):229–241. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90378-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Neyfakh A. A., Bidnenko V. E., Chen L. B. Efflux-mediated multidrug resistance in Bacillus subtilis: similarities and dissimilarities with the mammalian system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 1;88(11):4781–4785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Neyfakh A. A. The multidrug efflux transporter of Bacillus subtilis is a structural and functional homolog of the Staphylococcus NorA protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Feb;36(2):484–485. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.2.484. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Nies A., Nies D. H., Silver S. Nucleotide sequence and expression of a plasmid-encoded chromate resistance determinant from Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 5;265(10):5648–5653. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Nies D. H., Nies A., Chu L., Silver S. Expression and nucleotide sequence of a plasmid-determined divalent cation efflux system from Alcaligenes eutrophus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(19):7351–7355. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Nies D. H., Silver S. Plasmid-determined inducible efflux is responsible for resistance to cadmium, zinc, and cobalt in Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Bacteriol. 1989 Feb;171(2):896–900. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.2.896-900.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Nucifora G., Chu L., Misra T. K., Silver S. Cadmium resistance from Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 cadA gene results from a cadmium-efflux ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(10):3544–3548. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Ohnuki T., Katoh T., Imanaka T., Aiba S. Molecular cloning of tetracycline resistance genes from Streptomyces rimosus in Streptomyces griseus and characterization of the cloned genes. J Bacteriol. 1985 Mar;161(3):1010–1016. doi: 10.1128/jb.161.3.1010-1016.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Ohshita Y., Hiramatsu K., Yokota T. A point mutation in norA gene is responsible for quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Nov 15;172(3):1028–1034. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91549-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Park B. H., Levy S. B. The cryptic tetracycline resistance determinant on Tn4400 mediates tetracycline degradation as well as tetracycline efflux. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Dec;32(12):1797–1800. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.12.1797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Purewal A. S., Jones I. G., Midgley M. Cloning of the ethidium efflux gene from Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990 Mar 1;56(1-2):73–76. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(90)90127-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Reynes J. P., Calmels T., Drocourt D., Tiraby G. Cloning, expression in Escherichia coli and nucleotide sequence of a tetracycline-resistance gene from Streptomyces rimosus. J Gen Microbiol. 1988 Mar;134(3):585–598. doi: 10.1099/00221287-134-3-585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rosen B. P., Borbolla M. G. A plasmid-encoded arsenite pump produces arsenite resistance in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Nov 14;124(3):760–765. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91023-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rosen B. P., McClees J. S. Active transport of calcium in inverted membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Dec;71(12):5042–5046. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.12.5042. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Ross J. I., Eady E. A., Cove J. H., Cunliffe W. J., Baumberg S., Wootton J. C. Inducible erythromycin resistance in staphylococci is encoded by a member of the ATP-binding transport super-gene family. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Jul;4(7):1207–1214. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00696.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Rouch D. A., Cram D. S., DiBerardino D., Littlejohn T. G., Skurray R. A. Efflux-mediated antiseptic resistance gene qacA from Staphylococcus aureus: common ancestry with tetracycline- and sugar-transport proteins. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Dec;4(12):2051–2062. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00565.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Rubin R. A., Levy S. B., Heinrikson R. L., Kézdy F. J. Gene duplication in the evolution of the two complementing domains of gram-negative bacterial tetracycline efflux proteins. Gene. 1990 Mar 1;87(1):7–13. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90489-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Rubin R. A., Levy S. B. Interdomain hybrid Tet proteins confer tetracycline resistance only when they are derived from closely related members of the tet gene family. J Bacteriol. 1990 May;172(5):2303–2312. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.5.2303-2312.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Rubin R. A., Levy S. B. Tet protein domains interact productively to mediate tetracycline resistance when present on separate polypeptides. J Bacteriol. 1991 Jul;173(14):4503–4509. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.14.4503-4509.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Safa A. R., Glover C. J., Meyers M. B., Biedler J. L., Felsted R. L. Vinblastine photoaffinity labeling of a high molecular weight surface membrane glycoprotein specific for multidrug-resistant cells. J Biol Chem. 1986 May 15;261(14):6137–6140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Sasatsu M., Shima K., Shibata Y., Kono M. Nucleotide sequence of a gene that encodes resistance to ethidium bromide from a transferable plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Dec 11;17(23):10103–10103. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.23.10103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Siddiqui R. A., Benthin K., Schlegel H. G. Cloning of pMOL28-encoded nickel resistance genes and expression of the genes in Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas spp. J Bacteriol. 1989 Sep;171(9):5071–5078. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.9.5071-5078.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Silver S., Keach D. Energy-dependent arsenate efflux: the mechanism of plasmid-mediated resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(20):6114–6118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.20.6114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Silver S., Nucifora G., Chu L., Misra T. K. Bacterial resistance ATPases: primary pumps for exporting toxic cations and anions. Trends Biochem Sci. 1989 Feb;14(2):76–80. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(89)90048-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Silver S., Walderhaug M. Gene regulation of plasmid- and chromosome-determined inorganic ion transport in bacteria. Microbiol Rev. 1992 Mar;56(1):195–228. doi: 10.1128/mr.56.1.195-228.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Skovsgaard T. Mechanisms of resistance to daunorubicin in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Cancer Res. 1978 Jun;38(6):1785–1791. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Slapak C. A., Daniel J. C., Levy S. B. Sequential emergence of distinct resistance phenotypes in murine erythroleukemia cells under adriamycin selection: decreased anthracycline uptake precedes increased P-glycoprotein expression. Cancer Res. 1990 Dec 15;50(24):7895–7901. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Tennent J. M., Lyon B. R., Midgley M., Jones I. G., Purewal A. S., Skurray R. A. Physical and biochemical characterization of the qacA gene encoding antiseptic and disinfectant resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Gen Microbiol. 1989 Jan;135(1):1–10. doi: 10.1099/00221287-135-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Tisa L. S., Rosen B. P. Transport systems encoded by bacterial plasmids. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1990 Aug;22(4):493–507. doi: 10.1007/BF00762959. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Tsai K. J., Yoon K. P., Lynn A. R. ATP-dependent cadmium transport by the cadA cadmium resistance determinant in everted membrane vesicles of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 1992 Jan;174(1):116–121. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.1.116-121.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Tynecka Z., Gos Z., Zajac J. Energy-dependent efflux of cadmium coded by a plasmid resistance determinant in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1981 Aug;147(2):313–319. doi: 10.1128/jb.147.2.313-319.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Walter E. G., Weiner J. H., Taylor D. E. Nucleotide sequence and overexpression of the tellurite-resistance determinant from the IncHII plasmid pHH1508a. Gene. 1991 May 15;101(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90217-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. West I. C., Mitchell P. Proton/sodium ion antiport in Escherichia coli. Biochem J. 1974 Oct;144(1):87–90. doi: 10.1042/bj1440087. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Wilson C. M., Serrano A. E., Wasley A., Bogenschutz M. P., Shankar A. H., Wirth D. F. Amplification of a gene related to mammalian mdr genes in drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Science. 1989 Jun 9;244(4909):1184–1186. doi: 10.1126/science.2658061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Yamaguchi A., Udagawa T., Sawai T. Transport of divalent cations with tetracycline as mediated by the transposon Tn10-encoded tetracycline resistance protein. J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 25;265(9):4809–4813. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Yoon K. P., Silver S. A second gene in the Staphylococcus aureus cadA cadmium resistance determinant of plasmid pI258. J Bacteriol. 1991 Dec;173(23):7636–7642. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.23.7636-7642.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Yoshida H., Bogaki M., Nakamura S., Ubukata K., Konno M. Nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus norA gene, which confers resistance to quinolones. J Bacteriol. 1990 Dec;172(12):6942–6949. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.12.6942-6949.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Yoshida S., Kojima T., Inoue M., Mitsuhashi S. Uptake of sparfloxacin and norfloxacin by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Feb;35(2):368–370. doi: 10.1128/aac.35.2.368. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES