Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1995 Nov;69(11):7319–7323. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7319-7323.1995

The packaging phenotype of the SE21Q1b provirus is related to high proviral expression and not trans-acting factors.

D J Anderson 1, J Stone 1, R Lum 1, M L Linial 1
PMCID: PMC189662  PMID: 7474162

Abstract

The avian packaging cell line SE21Q1b produces particles which encapsidate cellular RNAs. Such RNAs can be reverse transcribed by endogenous polymerase and integrated into the genomes of newly infected cells (M. Linial, Cell 49:93-102, 1987). Genomic RNA is not packaged because the packaging (psi) region of the provirus is deleted. The provirus also lacks the negative-strand primer binding site, which prevents efficient reverse transcription of randomly packaged genomic RNA. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that the trans-acting defect which allows packaging of cellular mRNA mapped to the provirus but did not map to the nucleocapsid region of the gag gene (D.J. Anderson, P. Lee, K. L. Levine, J. Sang, S. A. Shah, O. O. Yang, P. R. Shank, and M. L. Linial, J. Virol. 66:204-216, 1992). We have found, using proviral recombinants between SE21Q1b and wild-type Rous sarcoma virus, that packaging of cellular RNAs does not map to the gag gene. Rather, the propensity of SE21Q1b particles to package cellular mRNA is a function of the high level of particle production in these cells and not of any specific viral structural proteins.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (460.8 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aldovini A., Young R. A. Mutations of RNA and protein sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging result in production of noninfectious virus. J Virol. 1990 May;64(5):1920–1926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.1920-1926.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson D. J., Lee P., Levine K. L., Sang J. S., Shah S. A., Yang O. O., Shank P. R., Linial M. L. Molecular cloning and characterization of the RNA packaging-defective retrovirus SE21Q1b. J Virol. 1992 Jan;66(1):204–216. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.204-216.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aronoff R., Linial M. Specificity of retroviral RNA packaging. J Virol. 1991 Jan;65(1):71–80. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.71-80.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cleveland D. W., Lopata M. A., MacDonald R. J., Cowan N. J., Rutter W. J., Kirschner M. W. Number and evolutionary conservation of alpha- and beta-tubulin and cytoplasmic beta- and gamma-actin genes using specific cloned cDNA probes. Cell. 1980 May;20(1):95–105. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90238-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Crawford S., Goff S. P. A deletion mutation in the 5' part of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus blocks proteolytic processing of the gag and pol polyproteins. J Virol. 1985 Mar;53(3):899–907. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.899-907.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dorfman T., Luban J., Goff S. P., Haseltine W. A., Göttlinger H. G. Mapping of functionally important residues of a cysteine-histidine box in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 1993 Oct;67(10):6159–6169. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.6159-6169.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Federspiel M. J., Hughes S. H. Effects of the gag region on genome stability: avian retroviral vectors that contain sequences from the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology. 1994 Sep;203(2):211–220. doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gallis B., Linial M., Eisenman R. An avian oncovirus mutant deficient in genomic RNA: characterization of the packaged RNA as cellular messenger RNA. Virology. 1979 Apr 15;94(1):146–161. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90445-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Linial M. L., Miller A. D. Retroviral RNA packaging: sequence requirements and implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1990;157:125–152. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-75218-6_5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Linial M. Creation of a processed pseudogene by retroviral infection. Cell. 1987 Apr 10;49(1):93–102. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90759-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Linial M., Medeiros E., Hayward W. S. An avian oncovirus mutant (SE 21Q1b) deficient in genomic RNA: biological and biochemical characterization. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1371–1381. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90062-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Mason W. S., Friis R. R., Linial M., Vogt P. K. Determination of the defective function in two mutants of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology. 1974 Oct;61(2):559–574. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90290-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Moscovici C., Moscovici M. G., Jimenez H., Lai M. M., Hayman M. J., Vogt P. K. Continuous tissue culture cell lines derived from chemically induced tumors of Japanese quail. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):95–103. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90320-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Méric C., Gouilloud E., Spahr P. F. Mutations in Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein p12 (NC): deletions of Cys-His boxes. J Virol. 1988 Sep;62(9):3328–3333. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3328-3333.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Oertle S., Spahr P. F. Role of the gag polyprotein precursor in packaging and maturation of Rous sarcoma virus genomic RNA. J Virol. 1990 Dec;64(12):5757–5763. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.12.5757-5763.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Rein A., Harvin D. P., Mirro J., Ernst S. M., Gorelick R. J. Evidence that a central domain of nucleocapsid protein is required for RNA packaging in murine leukemia virus. J Virol. 1994 Sep;68(9):6124–6129. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.6124-6129.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Rettenmier C. W., Hanafusa H. Structural protein markers in the avian oncoviruses. J Virol. 1977 Dec;24(3):850–864. doi: 10.1128/jvi.24.3.850-864.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Robinson H. L., Blais B. M., Tsichlis P. N., Coffin J. M. At least two regions of the viral genome determine the oncogenic potential of avian leukosis viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(4):1225–1229. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1225. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Sakalian M., Wills J. W., Vogt V. M. Efficiency and selectivity of RNA packaging by Rous sarcoma virus Gag deletion mutants. J Virol. 1994 Sep;68(9):5969–5981. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5969-5981.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Savatier P., Bagnis C., Thoraval P., Poncet D., Belakebi M., Mallet F., Legras C., Cosset F. L., Thomas J. L., Chebloune Y. Generation of a helper cell line for packaging avian leukosis virus-based vectors. J Virol. 1989 Feb;63(2):513–522. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.513-522.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Stewart L., Schatz G., Vogt V. M. Properties of avian retrovirus particles defective in viral protease. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):5076–5092. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.5076-5092.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Stoker A. W., Bissell M. J. Development of avian sarcoma and leukosis virus-based vector-packaging cell lines. J Virol. 1988 Mar;62(3):1008–1015. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.3.1008-1015.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Tsichlis P. N., Donehower L., Hager G., Zeller N., Malavarca R., Astrin S., Skalka A. M. Sequence comparison in the crossover region of an oncogenic avian retrovirus recombinant and its nononcogenic parent: genetic regions that control growth rate and oncogenic potential. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Nov;2(11):1331–1338. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.11.1331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wilkerson V. W., Bryant D. L., Parsons J. T. Rous sarcoma virus variants that encode src proteins with an altered carboxy terminus are defective for cellular transformation. J Virol. 1985 Aug;55(2):314–321. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.2.314-321.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES