Abstract
The high seroprevalence of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in African green monkeys (AGMs) without immunological defects in their natural hosts has prompted consideration of SIV-infected AGMs as a model of apathogenic SIV infection. Study of the molecular mechanisms of SIVagm asymptomatic infection could thus provide clues for understanding the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency viruses. Regulatory genes could be candidates for genetic control of SIVagm apathogenicity. We have characterized Vpr, Tat, Rev, and Nef genes of two SIVagm strains isolated from naturally infected sabaeus monkeys captured in Senegal. The results provide further evidence that SIVagm from West African green monkeys is the most divergent class of AGM viruses, with structural features in long terminal repeat sequences and Vpr and Tat genes that distinguish them from viruses isolated from other AGM species (vervet, grivet, and tantalus monkeys).
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (332.7 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Allan J. S., Short M., Taylor M. E., Su S., Hirsch V. M., Johnson P. R., Shaw G. M., Hahn B. H. Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):2816–2828. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2816-2828.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baier M., Garber C., Müller C., Cichutek K., Kurth R. Complete nucleotide sequence of a simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: a novel type of intragroup divergence. Virology. 1990 May;176(1):216–221. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90246-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Calnan B. J., Tidor B., Biancalana S., Hudson D., Frankel A. D. Arginine-mediated RNA recognition: the arginine fork. Science. 1991 May 24;252(5009):1167–1171. doi: 10.1126/science.252.5009.1167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cohen E. A., Dehni G., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Human immunodeficiency virus vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein. J Virol. 1990 Jun;64(6):3097–3099. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.6.3097-3099.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Daniel M. D., Letvin N. L., King N. W., Kannagi M., Sehgal P. K., Hunt R. D., Kanki P. J., Essex M., Desrosiers R. C. Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques. Science. 1985 Jun 7;228(4704):1201–1204. doi: 10.1126/science.3159089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Daniel M. D., Li Y., Naidu Y. M., Durda P. J., Schmidt D. K., Troup C. D., Silva D. P., MacKey J. J., Kestler H. W., 3rd, Sehgal P. K. Simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4123–4128. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4123-4128.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ennen J., Findeklee H., Dittmar M. T., Norley S., Ernst M., Kurth R. CD8+ T lymphocytes of African green monkeys secrete an immunodeficiency virus-suppressing lymphokine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 19;91(15):7207–7211. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fomsgaard A., Hirsch V. M., Allan J. S., Johnson P. R. A highly divergent proviral DNA clone of SIV from a distinct species of African green monkey. Virology. 1991 May;182(1):397–402. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90689-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fukasawa M., Miura T., Hasegawa A., Morikawa S., Tsujimoto H., Miki K., Kitamura T., Hayami M. Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey, a new member of the HIV/SIV group. Nature. 1988 Jun 2;333(6172):457–461. doi: 10.1038/333457a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs J. S., Regier D. A., Desrosiers R. C. Construction and in vitro properties of SIVmac mutants with deletions in "nonessential" genes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994 May;10(5):607–616. doi: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gravell M., London W. T., Hamilton R. S., Stone G., Monzon M. Infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: virulence and activation of latent infection. J Med Primatol. 1989;18(3-4):247–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guy B., Kieny M. P., Riviere Y., Le Peuch C., Dott K., Girard M., Montagnier L., Lecocq J. P. HIV F/3' orf encodes a phosphorylated GTP-binding protein resembling an oncogene product. Nature. 1987 Nov 19;330(6145):266–269. doi: 10.1038/330266a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guy B., Rivière Y., Dott K., Regnault A., Kieny M. P. Mutational analysis of the HIV nef protein. Virology. 1990 Jun;176(2):413–425. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90011-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heinzinger N. K., Bukrinsky M. I., Haggerty S. A., Ragland A. M., Kewalramani V., Lee M. A., Gendelman H. E., Ratner L., Stevenson M., Emerman M. The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 19;91(15):7311–7315. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Higgins D. G., Sharp P. M. CLUSTAL: a package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer. Gene. 1988 Dec 15;73(1):237–244. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90330-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Higgins D. G., Sharp P. M. Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer. Comput Appl Biosci. 1989 Apr;5(2):151–153. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/5.2.151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirsch V. M., Dapolito G. A., Goldstein S., McClure H., Emau P., Fultz P. N., Isahakia M., Lenroot R., Myers G., Johnson P. R. A distinct African lentivirus from Sykes' monkeys. J Virol. 1993 Mar;67(3):1517–1528. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1517-1528.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirsch V. M., Dapolito G., Johnson P. R., Elkins W. R., London W. T., Montali R. J., Goldstein S., Brown C. Induction of AIDS by simian immunodeficiency virus from an African green monkey: species-specific variation in pathogenicity correlates with the extent of in vivo replication. J Virol. 1995 Feb;69(2):955–967. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.955-967.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirsch V. M., Olmsted R. A., Murphey-Corb M., Purcell R. H., Johnson P. R. An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2. Nature. 1989 Jun 1;339(6223):389–392. doi: 10.1038/339389a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huet T., Cheynier R., Meyerhans A., Roelants G., Wain-Hobson S. Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1. Nature. 1990 May 24;345(6273):356–359. doi: 10.1038/345356a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeyapaul J., Reddy M. R., Khan S. A. Activity of synthetic tat peptides in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-promoted transcription in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(18):7030–7034. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7030. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jin M. J., Hui H., Robertson D. L., Müller M. C., Barré-Sinoussi F., Hirsch V. M., Allan J. S., Shaw G. M., Sharp P. M., Hahn B. H. Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west African green monkeys. EMBO J. 1994 Jun 15;13(12):2935–2947. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06588.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson P. R., Fomsgaard A., Allan J., Gravell M., London W. T., Olmsted R. A., Hirsch V. M. Simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys display unusual genetic diversity. J Virol. 1990 Mar;64(3):1086–1092. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.3.1086-1092.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaminchik J., Bashan N., Pinchasi D., Amit B., Sarver N., Johnston M. I., Fischer M., Yavin Z., Gorecki M., Panet A. Expression and biochemical characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef gene product. J Virol. 1990 Jul;64(7):3447–3454. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.7.3447-3454.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kraus G., Werner A., Baier M., Binniger D., Ferdinand F. J., Norley S., Kurth R. Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus-related simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2892–2896. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2892. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lang S. M., Weeger M., Stahl-Hennig C., Coulibaly C., Hunsmann G., Müller J., Müller-Hermelink H., Fuchs D., Wachter H., Daniel M. M. Importance of vpr for infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol. 1993 Feb;67(2):902–912. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.902-912.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Müller M. C., Saksena N. K., Nerrienet E., Chappey C., Hervé V. M., Durand J. P., Legal-Campodonico P., Lang M. C., Digoutte J. P., Georges A. J. Simian immunodeficiency viruses from central and western Africa: evidence for a new species-specific lentivirus in tantalus monkeys. J Virol. 1993 Mar;67(3):1227–1235. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1227-1235.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nebreda A. R., Bryan T., Segade F., Wingfield P., Venkatesan S., Santos E. Biochemical and biological comparison of HIV-1 NEF and ras gene products. Virology. 1991 Jul;183(1):151–159. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90128-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norley S. G., Kraus G., Ennen J., Bonilla J., König H., Kurth R. Immunological studies of the basis for the apathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Nov;87(22):9067–9071. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.22.9067. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ogawa K., Shibata R., Kiyomasu T., Higuchi I., Kishida Y., Ishimoto A., Adachi A. Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus vpr open reading frame. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):4110–4114. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.4110-4114.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peeters M., Honoré C., Huet T., Bedjabaga L., Ossari S., Bussi P., Cooper R. W., Delaporte E. Isolation and partial characterization of an HIV-related virus occurring naturally in chimpanzees in Gabon. AIDS. 1989 Oct;3(10):625–630. doi: 10.1097/00002030-198910000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saitou N., Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987 Jul;4(4):406–425. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sakuragi J., Fukasawa M., Shibata R., Sakai H., Kawamura M., Akari H., Kiyomasu T., Ishimoto A., Hayami M., Adachi A. Functional analysis of long terminal repeats derived from four strains of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVAGM in relation to other primate lentiviruses. Virology. 1991 Nov;185(1):455–459. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90798-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Seigel L. J., Ratner L., Josephs S. F., Derse D., Feinberg M. B., Reyes G. R., O'Brien S. J., Wong-Staal F. Transactivation induced by human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV III) maps to a viral sequence encoding 58 amino acids and lacks tissue specificity. Virology. 1986 Jan 15;148(1):226–231. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90419-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tao J., Frankel A. D. Electrostatic interactions modulate the RNA-binding and transactivation specificities of the human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus Tat proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 15;90(4):1571–1575. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tristem M., Marshall C., Karpas A., Hill F. Evolution of the primate lentiviruses: evidence from vpx and vpr. EMBO J. 1992 Sep;11(9):3405–3412. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05419.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tristem M., Marshall C., Karpas A., Petrik J., Hill F. Origin of vpx in lentiviruses. Nature. 1990 Sep 27;347(6291):341–342. doi: 10.1038/347341b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsujimoto H., Hasegawa A., Maki N., Fukasawa M., Miura T., Speidel S., Cooper R. W., Moriyama E. N., Gojobori T., Hayami M. Sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-caught African mandrill. Nature. 1989 Oct 12;341(6242):539–541. doi: 10.1038/341539a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yu X. F., Matsuda M., Essex M., Lee T. H. Open reading frame vpr of simian immunodeficiency virus encodes a virion-associated protein. J Virol. 1990 Nov;64(11):5688–5693. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5688-5693.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]