Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1996 Apr;70(4):2650–2653. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.4.2650-2653.1996

Cytokine regulation by virus infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus, a flavivirus, downregulates production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophages in vitro.

H Adler 1, T W Jungi 1, H Pfister 1, M Strasser 1, M Sileghem 1, E Peterhans 1
PMCID: PMC190117  PMID: 8642701

Abstract

Bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages were infected in vitro with noncytopathic or cytopathic strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Infection with both biotypes resulted in a decreased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha upon stimulation with heat-inactivated Salmonella dublin or lipopolysaccharide. Other macrophage functions were not downregulated, indicating that the observed effect was not due to a loss in macrophage viability. The downregulated production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in infected macrophages may contribute to the well-documented immunosuppression in animals infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (192.3 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aderka D., Holtmann H., Toker L., Hahn T., Wallach D. Tumor necrosis factor induction by Sendai virus. J Immunol. 1986 Apr 15;136(8):2938–2942. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adler H., Frech B., Meier P., Jungi T. W., Peterhans E. Noncytopathic strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus prime bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages for enhanced generation of nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Aug 15;202(3):1562–1568. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adler H., Peterhans E., Jungi T. W. Generation and functional characterization of bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1994 Jun;41(3-4):211–227. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90098-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Adler H., Peterhans E., Nicolet J., Jungi T. W. Inducible L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase activity in bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jan 28;198(2):510–515. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BAKER J. A., YORK C. J., GILLEPSIE J. H., MITCHELL G. B. Virus diarrhea in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1954 Oct;15(57):525–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baker J. C. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987 Jun 1;190(11):1449–1458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bannerman E. S., Nicolet J. Isolation and identification of porcine Mycoplasma in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1971 Dec;113(12):697–710. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bertoni G., Keist R., Groscurth P., Wyler R., Nicolet J., Peterhans E. A chemiluminescent assay for mycoplasmas in cell cultures. J Immunol Methods. 1985 Apr 8;78(1):123–133. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(85)90335-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bertoni G., Kuhnert P., Peterhans E., Pauli U. Improved bioassay for the detection of porcine tumor necrosis factor using a homologous cell line: PK(15). J Immunol Methods. 1993 Apr 2;160(2):267–271. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90187-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Beutler B., Cerami A. The biology of cachectin/TNF--a primary mediator of the host response. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:625–655. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.003205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bienhoff S. E., Allen G. K., Berg J. N. Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from bovine alveolar macrophages stimulated with bovine respiratory viruses and bacterial endotoxins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1992 Jan 31;30(4):341–357. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90104-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bolin S. R., McClurkin A. W., Cutlip R. C., Coria M. F. Severe clinical disease induced in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus by superinfection with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Mar;46(3):573–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cerami A., Beutler B. The role of cachectin/TNF in endotoxic shock and cachexia. Immunol Today. 1988 Jan;9(1):28–31. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91353-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Deng R., Brock K. V. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a pestivirus genome, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus strain SD-1. Virology. 1992 Dec;191(2):867–869. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90262-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Edwards R. L., Rickles F. R. Macrophage procoagulants. Prog Hemost Thromb. 1984;7:183–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ellis J. A., Godson D., Campos M., Sileghem M., Babiuk L. A. Capture immunoassay for ruminant tumor necrosis factor-alpha: comparison with bioassay. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1993 Jan;35(3-4):289–300. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90040-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Frey H. R., Liess B. Vermehrungskinetik und Verwendbarkeit eines stark zytopathogenen VD-MD-Virusstammes für diagnostische Untersuchungen mit der Mikrotiter-Methode. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1971 Feb 1;18(1):61–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gutekunst D. E., Malmquist W. A. Separation of a Soluble Antigen and Infectious Particles of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses and their Relationship to Hog Cholera. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1963 May;27(5):121–123. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Harbrecht B. G., Di Silvio M., Demetris A. J., Simmons R. L., Billiar T. R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates in vivo nitric oxide synthesis and induces liver injury during endotoxemia. Hepatology. 1994 Oct;20(4 Pt 1):1055–1060. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840200439. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Jensen J., Schultz R. D. Effect of infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in vitro on interleukin-1 activity of bovine monocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1991 Sep;29(3-4):251–265. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(91)90018-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ketelsen A. T., Johnson D. W., Muscoplat C. C. Depression of bovine monocyte chemotactic responses by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Infect Immun. 1979 Aug;25(2):565–568. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.2.565-568.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Liew F. Y., Li Y., Millott S. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in leishmaniasis. II. TNF-alpha-induced macrophage leishmanicidal activity is mediated by nitric oxide from L-arginine. Immunology. 1990 Dec;71(4):556–559. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Marrack P., Kappler J. Subversion of the immune system by pathogens. Cell. 1994 Jan 28;76(2):323–332. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90339-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McGuire W., Hill A. V., Allsopp C. E., Greenwood B. M., Kwiatkowski D. Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 1994 Oct 6;371(6497):508–510. doi: 10.1038/371508a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Nain M., Hinder F., Gong J. H., Schmidt A., Bender A., Sprenger H., Gemsa D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production of influenza A virus-infected macrophages and potentiating effect of lipopolysaccharides. J Immunol. 1990 Sep 15;145(6):1921–1928. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Philip R., Epstein L. B. Tumour necrosis factor as immunomodulator and mediator of monocyte cytotoxicity induced by itself, gamma-interferon and interleukin-1. Nature. 1986 Sep 4;323(6083):86–89. doi: 10.1038/323086a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ridpath J. F., Lewis T. L., Bolin S. R., Berry E. S. Antigenic and genomic comparison between non-cytopathic and cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated from cattle that had spontaneous mucosal disease. J Gen Virol. 1991 Mar;72(Pt 3):725–729. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sopp P., Hooper L. B., Clarke M. C., Howard C. J., Brownlie J. Detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus p80 protein in subpopulations of bovine leukocytes. J Gen Virol. 1994 May;75(Pt 5):1189–1194. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-5-1189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES