The Pathogenesis of Experimentally Induced Trypanosoma brucei Infection in the Dog

Abstract

Marked changes were found in the spleen and lymph nodes of dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. These changes were considered to occur in two phases. First, in animals examined on Days 8 and 16 after inoculation, there was an intense proliferative response; this involved particularly the B-dependent follicular areas and was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the number of plasma cells in the splenic red pulp and medullary cords of the lymph nodes. Although numerous large proliferating lymphoblasts were found in the periarteriolar regions of the spleen and in the peripheral part of the paracortical areas of the lymph nodes, the presence of cells containing Ig in these regions made it difficult to evaluate the degree of involvement of thymus-derived cells. The plasma cell response involved both IgM and IgG, although the increase in IgM-containing cells was most striking. During this initial phase there was focal hemorrhage, deposition of fibrin, necrosis, and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the spleen, these changes being most severe in the peripheral follicular areas. Following the initial proliferative phase and prior to the death of the host during the fourth week of the infection, the spleen and lymph nodes became less reactive, and there was marked disorganization and disruption of their architecture. Compared with characteristics earlier in the infection there was greatly decreased proliferative activity and a reduction in size of the splenic white pulp and lymph node cortices. Germinal centers were reduced in number, size, and activity, had a disorganized appearance, and, by immunofluorescence, showed a reduction of immunoglobulin on the dendritic reticular cells. The lymph node sinuses exhibited a decrease in content of lymphocytes and contained massive numbers of macrophages, including numerous multinucleated giant cells. There was also severe disruption of the reticulum cell network of the sinuses; and accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, along with extensive deposition of fibrin, were commonly found in the subcapsular sinuses. During this period, foci of erythropoietic cells were present throughout the red pulp of the spleen.

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