Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1997 Mar;71(3):2522–2527. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.2522-2527.1997

Utilization of C-C chemokine receptor 5 by the envelope glycoproteins of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac239.

L Marcon 1, H Choe 1, K A Martin 1, M Farzan 1, P D Ponath 1, L Wu 1, W Newman 1, N Gerard 1, C Gerard 1, J Sodroski 1
PMCID: PMC191367  PMID: 9032394

Abstract

We examined chemokine receptors for the ability to facilitate the infection of CD4-expressing cells by viruses containing the envelope glycoproteins of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac239. Expression of either human or simian C-C chemokine receptor CCR5 allowed the SIVmac239 envelope glycoproteins to mediate virus entry and cell-to-cell fusion. Thus, distantly related immunodeficiency viruses such as SIV and the primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates can utilize CCR5 as an entry cofactor.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (911.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alkhatib G., Combadiere C., Broder C. C., Feng Y., Kennedy P. E., Murphy P. M., Berger E. A. CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science. 1996 Jun 28;272(5270):1955–1958. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allan J. S., Coligan J. E., Barin F., McLane M. F., Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Haseltine W. A., Lee T. H., Essex M. Major glycoprotein antigens that induce antibodies in AIDS patients are encoded by HTLV-III. Science. 1985 May 31;228(4703):1091–1094. doi: 10.1126/science.2986290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ashorn P. A., Berger E. A., Moss B. Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein/CD4-mediated fusion of nonprimate cells with human cells. J Virol. 1990 May;64(5):2149–2156. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.2149-2156.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Banapour B., Marthas M. L., Ramos R. A., Lohman B. L., Unger R. E., Gardner M. B., Pedersen N. C., Luciw P. A. Identification of viral determinants of macrophage tropism for simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac. J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):5798–5805. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.11.5798-5805.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barré-Sinoussi F., Chermann J. C., Rey F., Nugeyre M. T., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Dauguet C., Axler-Blin C., Vézinet-Brun F., Rouzioux C. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983 May 20;220(4599):868–871. doi: 10.1126/science.6189183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bleul C. C., Farzan M., Choe H., Parolin C., Clark-Lewis I., Sodroski J., Springer T. A. The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature. 1996 Aug 29;382(6594):829–833. doi: 10.1038/382829a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bou-Habib D. C., Roderiquez G., Oravecz T., Berman P. W., Lusso P., Norcross M. A. Cryptic nature of envelope V3 region epitopes protects primary monocytotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from antibody neutralization. J Virol. 1994 Sep;68(9):6006–6013. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.6006-6013.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Burns D. P., Desrosiers R. C. Selection of genetic variants of simian immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected rhesus monkeys. J Virol. 1991 Apr;65(4):1843–1854. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.1843-1854.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cann A. J., Churcher M. J., Boyd M., O'Brien W., Zhao J. Q., Zack J., Chen I. S. The region of the envelope gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 responsible for determination of cell tropism. J Virol. 1992 Jan;66(1):305–309. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.305-309.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Carrillo A., Trowbridge D. B., Westervelt P., Ratner L. Identification of HIV1 determinants for T lymphoid cell line infection. Virology. 1993 Dec;197(2):817–824. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cheng-Mayer C., Quiroga M., Tung J. W., Dina D., Levy J. A. Viral determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 T-cell or macrophage tropism, cytopathogenicity, and CD4 antigen modulation. J Virol. 1990 Sep;64(9):4390–4398. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4390-4398.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheng-Mayer C., Seto D., Tateno M., Levy J. A. Biologic features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host. Science. 1988 Apr 1;240(4848):80–82. doi: 10.1126/science.2832945. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chesebro B., Nishio J., Perryman S., Cann A., O'Brien W., Chen I. S., Wehrly K. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus envelope gene sequences influencing viral entry into CD4-positive HeLa cells, T-leukemia cells, and macrophages. J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):5782–5789. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.11.5782-5789.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chesebro B., Wehrly K., Nishio J., Perryman S. Macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus isolates from different patients exhibit unusual V3 envelope sequence homogeneity in comparison with T-cell-tropic isolates: definition of critical amino acids involved in cell tropism. J Virol. 1992 Nov;66(11):6547–6554. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.11.6547-6554.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Clapham P. R., Blanc D., Weiss R. A. Specific cell surface requirements for the infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and by Simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology. 1991 Apr;181(2):703–715. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90904-P. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Clavel F. HIV-2, the West African AIDS virus. AIDS. 1987 Sep;1(3):135–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cocchi F., DeVico A. L., Garzino-Demo A., Arya S. K., Gallo R. C., Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science. 1995 Dec 15;270(5243):1811–1815. doi: 10.1126/science.270.5243.1811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dalgleish A. G., Beverley P. C., Clapham P. R., Crawford D. H., Greaves M. F., Weiss R. A. The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):763–767. doi: 10.1038/312763a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dean M., Carrington M., Winkler C., Huttley G. A., Smith M. W., Allikmets R., Goedert J. J., Buchbinder S. P., Vittinghoff E., Gomperts E. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study. Science. 1996 Sep 27;273(5283):1856–1862. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5283.1856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Deng H., Liu R., Ellmeier W., Choe S., Unutmaz D., Burkhart M., Di Marzio P., Marmon S., Sutton R. E., Hill C. M. Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature. 1996 Jun 20;381(6584):661–666. doi: 10.1038/381661a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Desrosiers R. C., Hansen-Moosa A., Mori K., Bouvier D. P., King N. W., Daniel M. D., Ringler D. J. Macrophage-tropic variants of SIV are associated with specific AIDS-related lesions but are not essential for the development of AIDS. Am J Pathol. 1991 Jul;139(1):29–35. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Desrosiers R. C. The simian immunodeficiency viruses. Annu Rev Immunol. 1990;8:557–578. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.003013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Doranz B. J., Rucker J., Yi Y., Smyth R. J., Samson M., Peiper S. C., Parmentier M., Collman R. G., Doms R. W. A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell. 1996 Jun 28;85(7):1149–1158. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81314-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dragic T., Litwin V., Allaway G. P., Martin S. R., Huang Y., Nagashima K. A., Cayanan C., Maddon P. J., Koup R. A., Moore J. P. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature. 1996 Jun 20;381(6584):667–673. doi: 10.1038/381667a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Fauci A. S., Macher A. M., Longo D. L., Lane H. C., Rook A. H., Masur H., Gelmann E. P. NIH conference. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: epidemiologic, clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jan;100(1):92–106. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-92. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Federsppiel B., Melhado I. G., Duncan A. M., Delaney A., Schappert K., Clark-Lewis I., Jirik F. R. Molecular cloning of the cDNA and chromosomal localization of the gene for a putative seven-transmembrane segment (7-TMS) receptor isolated from human spleen. Genomics. 1993 Jun;16(3):707–712. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Feng Y., Broder C. C., Kennedy P. E., Berger E. A. HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science. 1996 May 10;272(5263):872–877. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5263.872. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Fenyö E. M., Morfeldt-Månson L., Chiodi F., Lind B., von Gegerfelt A., Albert J., Olausson E., Asjö B. Distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus isolates. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4414–4419. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4414-4419.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gartner S., Markovits P., Markovitz D. M., Kaplan M. H., Gallo R. C., Popovic M. The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection. Science. 1986 Jul 11;233(4760):215–219. doi: 10.1126/science.3014648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gendelman H. E., Orenstein J. M., Martin M. A., Ferrua C., Mitra R., Phipps T., Wahl L. A., Lane H. C., Fauci A. S., Burke D. S. Efficient isolation and propagation of human immunodeficiency virus on recombinant colony-stimulating factor 1-treated monocytes. J Exp Med. 1988 Apr 1;167(4):1428–1441. doi: 10.1084/jem.167.4.1428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Helseth E., Kowalski M., Gabuzda D., Olshevsky U., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Rapid complementation assays measuring replicative potential of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein mutants. J Virol. 1990 May;64(5):2416–2420. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.2416-2420.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Himathongkham S., Luciw P. A. Restriction of HIV-1 (subtype B) replication at the entry step in rhesus macaque cells. Virology. 1996 May 15;219(2):485–488. doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hwang S. S., Boyle T. J., Lyerly H. K., Cullen B. R. Identification of the envelope V3 loop as the primary determinant of cell tropism in HIV-1. Science. 1991 Jul 5;253(5015):71–74. doi: 10.1126/science.1905842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Javaherian K., Langlois A. J., Schmidt S., Kaufmann M., Cates N., Langedijk J. P., Meloen R. H., Desrosiers R. C., Burns D. P., Bolognesi D. P. The principal neutralization determinant of simian immunodeficiency virus differs from that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 15;89(4):1418–1422. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.4.1418. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kanki P. J., McLane M. F., King N. W., Jr, Letvin N. L., Hunt R. D., Sehgal P., Daniel M. D., Desrosiers R. C., Essex M. Serologic identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus closely related to HTLV-III. Science. 1985 Jun 7;228(4704):1199–1201. doi: 10.1126/science.3873705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kannagi M., Yetz J. M., Letvin N. L. In vitro growth characteristics of simian T-lymphotropic virus type III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct;82(20):7053–7057. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.20.7053. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kent K. A., Rud E., Corcoran T., Powell C., Thiriart C., Collignon C., Stott E. J. Identification of two neutralizing and 8 non-neutralizing epitopes on simian immunodeficiency virus envelope using monoclonal antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992 Jun;8(6):1147–1151. doi: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kestler H., Kodama T., Ringler D., Marthas M., Pedersen N., Lackner A., Regier D., Sehgal P., Daniel M., King N. Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus. Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1109–1112. doi: 10.1126/science.2160735. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. King N. W., Chalifoux L. V., Ringler D. J., Wyand M. S., Sehgal P. K., Daniel M. D., Letvin N. L., Desrosiers R. C., Blake B. J., Hunt R. D. Comparative biology of natural and experimental SIVmac infection in macaque monkeys: a review. J Med Primatol. 1990;19(2):109–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kirchhoff F., Mori K., Desrosiers R. C. The "V3" domain is a determinant of simian immunodeficiency virus cell tropism. J Virol. 1994 Jun;68(6):3682–3692. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.3682-3692.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Klatzmann D., Champagne E., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Guetard D., Hercend T., Gluckman J. C., Montagnier L. T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):767–768. doi: 10.1038/312767a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Koenig S., Gendelman H. E., Orenstein J. M., Dal Canto M. C., Pezeshkpour G. H., Yungbluth M., Janotta F., Aksamit A., Martin M. A., Fauci A. S. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science. 1986 Sep 5;233(4768):1089–1093. doi: 10.1126/science.3016903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Koenig S., Hirsch V. M., Olmsted R. A., Powell D., Maury W., Rabson A., Fauci A. S., Purcell R. H., Johnson P. R. Selective infection of human CD4+ cells by simian immunodeficiency virus: productive infection associated with envelope glycoprotein-induced fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(7):2443–2447. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kowalski M., Potz J., Basiripour L., Dorfman T., Goh W. C., Terwilliger E., Dayton A., Rosen C., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Science. 1987 Sep 11;237(4820):1351–1355. doi: 10.1126/science.3629244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Leonard C. K., Spellman M. W., Riddle L., Harris R. J., Thomas J. N., Gregory T. J. Assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds and characterization of potential glycosylation sites of the type 1 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (gp120) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 25;265(18):10373–10382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Letvin N. L., Daniel M. D., Sehgal P. K., Desrosiers R. C., Hunt R. D., Waldron L. M., MacKey J. J., Schmidt D. K., Chalifoux L. V., King N. W. Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III. Science. 1985 Oct 4;230(4721):71–73. doi: 10.1126/science.2412295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Li J., Lord C. I., Haseltine W., Letvin N. L., Sodroski J. Infection of cynomolgus monkeys with a chimeric HIV-1/SIVmac virus that expresses the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5(7):639–646. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Lifson J. D., Feinberg M. B., Reyes G. R., Rabin L., Banapour B., Chakrabarti S., Moss B., Wong-Staal F., Steimer K. S., Engleman E. G. Induction of CD4-dependent cell fusion by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope glycoprotein. Nature. 1986 Oct 23;323(6090):725–728. doi: 10.1038/323725a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Liu R., Paxton W. A., Choe S., Ceradini D., Martin S. R., Horuk R., MacDonald M. E., Stuhlmann H., Koup R. A., Landau N. R. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell. 1996 Aug 9;86(3):367–377. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80110-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Loetscher M., Geiser T., O'Reilly T., Zwahlen R., Baggiolini M., Moser B. Cloning of a human seven-transmembrane domain receptor, LESTR, that is highly expressed in leukocytes. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 7;269(1):232–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Maddon P. J., Dalgleish A. G., McDougal J. S., Clapham P. R., Weiss R. A., Axel R. The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):333–348. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90590-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. McDougal J. S., Kennedy M. S., Sligh J. M., Cort S. P., Mawle A., Nicholson J. K. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. Science. 1986 Jan 24;231(4736):382–385. doi: 10.1126/science.3001934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. McKnight A., Clapham P. R., Weiss R. A. HIV-2 and SIV infection of nonprimate cell lines expressing human CD4: restrictions to replication at distinct stages. Virology. 1994 May 15;201(1):8–18. doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Mori K., Ringler D. J., Desrosiers R. C. Restricted replication of simian immunodeficiency virus strain 239 in macrophages is determined by env but is not due to restricted entry. J Virol. 1993 May;67(5):2807–2814. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.5.2807-2814.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Mori K., Ringler D. J., Kodama T., Desrosiers R. C. Complex determinants of macrophage tropism in env of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol. 1992 Apr;66(4):2067–2075. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2067-2075.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Morrison H. G., Kirchhoff F., Desrosiers R. C. Effects of mutations in constant regions 3 and 4 of envelope of simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology. 1995 Jul 10;210(2):448–455. doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.1361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. O'Brien W. A., Koyanagi Y., Namazie A., Zhao J. Q., Diagne A., Idler K., Zack J. A., Chen I. S. HIV-1 tropism for mononuclear phagocytes can be determined by regions of gp120 outside the CD4-binding domain. Nature. 1990 Nov 1;348(6296):69–73. doi: 10.1038/348069a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Oberlin E., Amara A., Bachelerie F., Bessia C., Virelizier J. L., Arenzana-Seisdedos F., Schwartz O., Heard J. M., Clark-Lewis I., Legler D. F. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature. 1996 Aug 29;382(6594):833–835. doi: 10.1038/382833a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Olson E. N., Arnold H. H., Rigby P. W., Wold B. J. Know your neighbors: three phenotypes in null mutants of the myogenic bHLH gene MRF4. Cell. 1996 Apr 5;85(1):1–4. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81073-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Paxton W. A., Martin S. R., Tse D., O'Brien T. R., Skurnick J., VanDevanter N. L., Padian N., Braun J. F., Kotler D. P., Wolinsky S. M. Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposure. Nat Med. 1996 Apr;2(4):412–417. doi: 10.1038/nm0496-412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Pope M., Betjes M. G., Romani N., Hirmand H., Cameron P. U., Hoffman L., Gezelter S., Schuler G., Steinman R. M. Conjugates of dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes from skin facilitate productive infection with HIV-1. Cell. 1994 Aug 12;78(3):389–398. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Raport C. J., Gosling J., Schweickart V. L., Gray P. W., Charo I. F. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel human CC chemokine receptor (CCR5) for RANTES, MIP-1beta, and MIP-1alpha. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 19;271(29):17161–17166. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.29.17161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Ringler D. J., Wyand M. S., Walsh D. G., MacKey J. J., Sehgal P. K., Daniel M. D., Desrosiers R. C., King N. W. The productive infection of alveolar macrophages by simian immunodeficiency virus. J Med Primatol. 1989;18(3-4):217–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Robey W. G., Safai B., Oroszlan S., Arthur L. O., Gonda M. A., Gallo R. C., Fischinger P. J. Characterization of envelope and core structural gene products of HTLV-III with sera from AIDS patients. Science. 1985 May 3;228(4699):593–595. doi: 10.1126/science.2984774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Samson M., Labbe O., Mollereau C., Vassart G., Parmentier M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene. Biochemistry. 1996 Mar 19;35(11):3362–3367. doi: 10.1021/bi952950g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Samson M., Libert F., Doranz B. J., Rucker J., Liesnard C., Farber C. M., Saragosti S., Lapoumeroulie C., Cognaux J., Forceille C. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature. 1996 Aug 22;382(6593):722–725. doi: 10.1038/382722a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Schuitemaker H., Koot M., Kootstra N. A., Dercksen M. W., de Goede R. E., van Steenwijk R. P., Lange J. M., Schattenkerk J. K., Miedema F., Tersmette M. Biological phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones at different stages of infection: progression of disease is associated with a shift from monocytotropic to T-cell-tropic virus population. J Virol. 1992 Mar;66(3):1354–1360. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1354-1360.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Shibata R., Kawamura M., Sakai H., Hayami M., Ishimoto A., Adachi A. Generation of a chimeric human and simian immunodeficiency virus infectious to monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Virol. 1991 Jul;65(7):3514–3520. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3514-3520.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Shioda T., Levy J. A., Cheng-Mayer C. Macrophage and T cell-line tropisms of HIV-1 are determined by specific regions of the envelope gp120 gene. Nature. 1991 Jan 10;349(6305):167–169. doi: 10.1038/349167a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Dayton A., Terwilliger E., Haseltine W. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature. 1986 May 22;321(6068):412–417. doi: 10.1038/321412a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Stein B. S., Gowda S. D., Lifson J. D., Penhallow R. C., Bensch K. G., Engleman E. G. pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane. Cell. 1987 Jun 5;49(5):659–668. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90542-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Sullivan N., Sun Y., Li J., Hofmann W., Sodroski J. Replicative function and neutralization sensitivity of envelope glycoproteins from primary and T-cell line-passaged human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. J Virol. 1995 Jul;69(7):4413–4422. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.7.4413-4422.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Weiss R. A., Clapham P. R., Weber J. N., Dalgleish A. G., Lasky L. A., Berman P. W. Variable and conserved neutralization antigens of human immunodeficiency virus. Nature. 1986 Dec 11;324(6097):572–575. doi: 10.1038/324572a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Weissman D., Li Y., Ananworanich J., Zhou L. J., Adelsberger J., Tedder T. F., Baseler M., Fauci A. S. Three populations of cells with dendritic morphology exist in peripheral blood, only one of which is infectable with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 31;92(3):826–830. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.3.826. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Westervelt P., Gendelman H. E., Ratner L. Identification of a determinant within the human immunodeficiency virus 1 surface envelope glycoprotein critical for productive infection of primary monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 15;88(8):3097–3101. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3097. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Westervelt P., Trowbridge D. B., Epstein L. G., Blumberg B. M., Li Y., Hahn B. H., Shaw G. M., Price R. W., Ratner L. Macrophage tropism determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo. J Virol. 1992 Apr;66(4):2577–2582. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2577-2582.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES