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. 2003 Sep 6;327(7414):523–528. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.523

Table 4.

Effect of morphine versus placebo on constipation at the end of the four day treatment period. Variable is measured on a categorical scale; response items are collapsed into dichotomous functional groupings. Values are numbers


Constipation on placebo
Constipation on morphine None or mild Moderate or severe Totals
None or mild 26 1 27
Moderate or severe 9 1 10
Totals 35 2 37
P=0.021