Skip to main content
Canadian Medical Association Journal logoLink to Canadian Medical Association Journal
. 1973 Jan 20;108(2):195-196, 199, 201-202.

Psychological adverse effects of cannabis smoking: a tentative classification

J C Negrete
PMCID: PMC1941148  PMID: 4569453

Abstract

This paper stresses the need for an early definition and description of the “deviant” cannabis smoker in North America. Attention is called to the fact that on this continent heavy smokers have not yet been separated as “problem” users from other smokers.

A comprehensive review of possible psychological adverse effects of the drug is made. The following classification is suggested: a) Severe intoxications, b) Pathological intoxications, c) Acute cannabis psychoses, d) Subacute and chronic cannabis psychoses and e) Residual conditions.

Full text

PDF
195

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Baker A. A., Lucas E. G. Some hospital admissions associated with cannabis. Lancet. 1969 Jan 18;1(7586):148–148. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91150-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Caldwell D. F., Myers S. A., Domino E. F., Merriam P. E. Auditory and visual threshold effects of marihuana in man. Percept Mot Skills. 1969 Dec;29(3):755–759. doi: 10.2466/pms.1969.29.3.755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Carlini E. A. Tolerance to chronic administration of Cannabis sativa (marihuana) in rats. Pharmacology. 1968;1(2):135–142. doi: 10.1159/000135954. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Christozov C. L'aspect marocain de l'intoxication cannabique d'après des études sur des malades mentaux chroniques. II. Maroc Med. 1965 Dec;44(486):866–889. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Clark L. D., Hughes R., Nakashima E. N. Behavioral effects of marihuana. Experimental studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1970 Sep;23(3):193–198. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030001001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Defer B., Diehl M. L. Les psychoses cannabiques aiguës (à propos de 560 observations) Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1968 Jul;2(2):260–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Gershon S. On the pharmacology of marihuana. Behav Neuropsychiatry. 1970 Jan;1(10):9–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Glick S. M., Thomson G. E. Patient care in municipal hospitals. N Engl J Med. 1970 Apr 23;282(17):977–978. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197004232821714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Grossman W. Adverse reactions associated with Cannabis products in India. Ann Intern Med. 1969 Mar;70(3):529–533. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-70-3-529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hollister L. E., Richards R. K., Gillespie H. K. Comparison of tetrahydrocannabinol and synhexyl in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1968 Nov-Dec;9(6):783–791. doi: 10.1002/cpt196896783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Keeler M. H., Reifler C. B., Liptzin M. B. Spontaneous recurrence of marihuana effect. Am J Psychiatry. 1968 Sep;125(3):140–142. doi: 10.1176/ajp.125.1.140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kolansky H., Moore W. T. Effects of marihuana on adolescents and young adults. JAMA. 1971 Apr 19;216(3):486–492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Manno J. E., Kiplinger G. F., Haine S. E., Bennett I. F., Forney R. B. Comparative effects of smoking marihuana or placebo on human motor and mental performance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1970 Nov-Dec;11(6):808–815. doi: 10.1002/cpt1970116808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Rodin E. A., Domino E. F., Porzak J. P. The marihuana-induced "social high". Neurological and electroencephalographic concomitants. JAMA. 1970 Aug 24;213(8):1300–1302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Talbott J. A., Teague J. W. Marihuana psychosis. Acute toxic psychosis associated with the use of Cannabis derivatives. JAMA. 1969 Oct 13;210(2):299–302. doi: 10.1001/jama.210.2.299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Tart C. T. Marijuana intoxication common experiences. Nature. 1970 May 23;226(5247):701–704. doi: 10.1038/226701a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Wikler A. Clinical and social aspects of marihuana intoxication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1970 Oct;23(4):320–325. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750040032005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Medical Association Journal are provided here courtesy of Canadian Medical Association

RESOURCES