Abstract
In order to assess whether exposure to stress was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, 100 women presenting with carcinoma of the breast completed a standard life events inventory documenting life stresses experienced during the previous three years. The same questionnaire was completed by 100 women presenting with benign breast lumps and 100 apparently healthy controls. Both groups of patients with breast disease also completed the Eysenck personality inventory. There was no difference in the number of stressful life events experienced by the patients with benign and malignant breast lesions and the nature and severity of those stresses encountered were similar for both groups. The personality indices were also the same for both groups. The controls, however, recorded significantly higher levels of stress exposure than the patients with breast disease. On the basis of this series, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that stress predisposes to breast cancer development.
Full text
PDF





Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- COPPEN A., METCALFE M. Cancer and extraversion. Br Med J. 1963 Jul 6;2(5348):18–19. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5348.18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cochrane R., Robertson A. The life events inventory: a measure of the relative severity of psycho-social stressors. J Psychosom Res. 1973 Mar;17(2):135–140. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(73)90014-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greer S., Morris T. Psychological attributes of women who develop breast cancer: a controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 1975 Apr;19(2):147–153. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(75)90062-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holmes T. H., Rahe R. H. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. J Psychosom Res. 1967 Aug;11(2):213–218. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacobs T. J., Charles E. Life events and the occurrence of cancer in children. Psychosom Med. 1980 Jan;42(1):11–24. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198001000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jansen M. A., Muenz L. R. A retrospective study of personality variables associated with fibrocystic disease and breast cancer. J Psychosom Res. 1984;28(1):35–42. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(84)90038-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kissen D. M., Brown R. I., Kissen M. A further report on personality and psychosocial factors in lung cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969 Oct 14;164(2):535–545. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb14071.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LESHAN L. Psychological states as factors in the development of malignant disease: a critical review. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1959 Jan;22(1):1–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lehrer S. Life change and gastric cancer. Psychosom Med. 1980 Sep;42(5):499–502. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198009000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muslin H. L., Gyarfas K., Pieper W. J. Separation experience and cancer of the breast. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966 Jan 21;125(3):802–806. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb45429.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Newton R. W., Hunt L. P. Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and its relation to low birth weight. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Apr 21;288(6425):1191–1194. doi: 10.1136/bmj.288.6425.1191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rabkin J. G., Struening E. L. Live events, stress, and illness. Science. 1976 Dec 3;194(4269):1013–1020. doi: 10.1126/science.790570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schonfield J. Psychological and life-experience differences between Israeli women with benign and cancerous breast lesions. J Psychosom Res. 1975;19(4):229–234. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(75)90018-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Snell L., Graham S. Social trauma as related to cancer of the breast. Br J Cancer. 1971 Dec;25(4):721–734. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1971.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Svensson J., Theorell T. Life events and elevated blood pressure in young men. J Psychosom Res. 1983;27(6):445–455. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(83)90033-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Totman R. What makes 'life events' stressful? A retrospective study of patients who have suffered a first myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res. 1979;23(3):193–201. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(79)90004-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
