Abstract
Serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in 75 patients with lung cancer and in 20 patients with benign lung diseases. IL-6 was detectable in 29 patients with lung cancer (39%), but was not detectable in any of the patients with benign lung diseases. Serum C-reactive protein levels and plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly higher and serum albumin concentration was significantly lower in lung cancer patients with detectable serum IL-6 levels than in those without detectable serum IL-6 levels and in patients with benign lung diseases. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in blood platelet counts in these three groups. Moreover, serum IL-6 levels were not significantly different in lung cancer patients with or without clinically demonstrated distant metastasis. These results suggest that IL-6 may be a mediator of various reactions including an inflammatory response in lung cancer patients.
Full text
PDF



Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aderka D., Maor Y., Novick D., Engelmann H., Kahn Y., Levo Y., Wallach D., Revel M. Interleukin-6 inhibits the proliferation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that is induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or -beta. Blood. 1993 Apr 15;81(8):2076–2084. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Asano S., Okano A., Ozawa K., Nakahata T., Ishibashi T., Koike K., Kimura H., Tanioka Y., Shibuya A., Hirano T. In vivo effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 in primates: stimulated production of platelets. Blood. 1990 Apr 15;75(8):1602–1605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blackburn G. L., Maini B. S., Pierce E. C., Jr Nutrition in the critically ill patient. Anesthesiology. 1977 Aug;47(2):181–194. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197708000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blay J. Y., Negrier S., Combaret V., Attali S., Goillot E., Merrouche Y., Mercatello A., Ravault A., Tourani J. M., Moskovtchenko J. F. Serum level of interleukin 6 as a prognosis factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1992 Jun 15;52(12):3317–3322. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Breen E. C., Rezai A. R., Nakajima K., Beall G. N., Mitsuyasu R. T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., Martinez-Maza O. Infection with HIV is associated with elevated IL-6 levels and production. J Immunol. 1990 Jan 15;144(2):480–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castell J. V., Gómez-Lechón M. J., David M., Andus T., Geiger T., Trullenque R., Fabra R., Heinrich P. C. Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett. 1989 Jan 2;242(2):237–239. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80476-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dosquet C., Schaetz A., Faucher C., Lepage E., Wautier J. L., Richard F., Cabane J. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(2):162–167. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90079-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ershler W. B., Sun W. H., Binkley N., Gravenstein S., Volk M. J., Kamoske G., Klopp R. G., Roecker E. B., Daynes R. A., Weindruch R. Interleukin-6 and aging: blood levels and mononuclear cell production increase with advancing age and in vitro production is modifiable by dietary restriction. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1993 Aug;12(4):225–230. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helfgott D. C., Tatter S. B., Santhanam U., Clarick R. H., Bhardwaj N., May L. T., Sehgal P. B. Multiple forms of IFN-beta 2/IL-6 in serum and body fluids during acute bacterial infection. J Immunol. 1989 Feb 1;142(3):948–953. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hill R. J., Warren M. K., Levin J. Stimulation of thrombopoiesis in mice by human recombinant interleukin 6. J Clin Invest. 1990 Apr;85(4):1242–1247. doi: 10.1172/JCI114559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Honda M., Yamamoto S., Cheng M., Yasukawa K., Suzuki H., Saito T., Osugi Y., Tokunaga T., Kishimoto T. Human soluble IL-6 receptor: its detection and enhanced release by HIV infection. J Immunol. 1992 Apr 1;148(7):2175–2180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Houssiau F. A., Devogelaer J. P., Van Damme J., de Deuxchaisnes C. N., Van Snick J. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Jun;31(6):784–788. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ikebuchi K., Wong G. G., Clark S. C., Ihle J. N., Hirai Y., Ogawa M. Interleukin 6 enhancement of interleukin 3-dependent proliferation of multipotential hemopoietic progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(24):9035–9039. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ishibashi T., Kimura H., Uchida T., Kariyone S., Friese P., Burstein S. A. Human interleukin 6 is a direct promoter of maturation of megakaryocytes in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(15):5953–5957. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5953. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kawano M., Hirano T., Matsuda T., Taga T., Horii Y., Iwato K., Asaoku H., Tang B., Tanabe O., Tanaka H. Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature. 1988 Mar 3;332(6159):83–85. doi: 10.1038/332083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kishimoto T. The biology of interleukin-6. Blood. 1989 Jul;74(1):1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koo A. S., Armstrong C., Bochner B., Shimabukuro T., Tso C. L., deKernion J. B., Belldegrum A. Interleukin-6 and renal cell cancer: production, regulation, and growth effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1992;35(2):97–105. doi: 10.1007/BF01741856. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsuguchi T., Okamura S., Kawasaki C., Shimoda K., Omori F., Hayashi S., Kimura N., Niho Y. Constitutive production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 by a human lung cancer cell line, KSNY: gene amplification and increased mRNA stability. Eur J Haematol. 1991 Aug;47(2):128–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1991.tb00135.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miki S., Iwano M., Miki Y., Yamamoto M., Tang B., Yokokawa K., Sonoda T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) functions as an in vitro autocrine growth factor in renal cell carcinomas. FEBS Lett. 1989 Jul 3;250(2):607–610. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80805-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizuno K., Sone S., Orino E., Nii A., Ogura T. Autonomous expressions of cytokine genes by human lung cancer cells and their paracrine regulation. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1994 Feb;85(2):179–186. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02080.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moussa K., Michie H. J., Cree I. A., McCafferty A. C., Winter J. H., Dhillon D. P., Stephens S., Brown R. A. Phagocyte function and cytokine production in community acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 1994 Feb;49(2):107–111. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.2.107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nijsten M. W., de Groot E. R., ten Duis H. J., Klasen H. J., Hack C. E., Aarden L. A. Serum levels of interleukin-6 and acute phase responses. Lancet. 1987 Oct 17;2(8564):921–921. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91413-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ogawa M. Differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood. 1993 Jun 1;81(11):2844–2853. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ramadori G., Van Damme J., Rieder H., Meyer zum Büschenfelde K. H. Interleukin 6, the third mediator of acute-phase reaction, modulates hepatic protein synthesis in human and mouse. Comparison with interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Eur J Immunol. 1988 Aug;18(8):1259–1264. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830180817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rawle F. C., Shields J., Smith S. H., Iliescu V., Merkenschlager M., Beverley P. C., Callard R. E. B cell growth and differentiation induced by supernatants of transformed epithelial cell lines. Eur J Immunol. 1986 Aug;16(8):1017–1019. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830160825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spronk P. E., ter Borg E. J., Limburg P. C., Kallenberg C. G. Plasma concentration of IL-6 in systemic lupus erythematosus; an indicator of disease activity? Clin Exp Immunol. 1992 Oct;90(1):106–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb05840.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strassmann G., Fong M., Kenney J. S., Jacob C. O. Evidence for the involvement of interleukin 6 in experimental cancer cachexia. J Clin Invest. 1992 May;89(5):1681–1684. doi: 10.1172/JCI115767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takizawa H., Ohtoshi T., Ohta K., Yamashita N., Hirohata S., Hirai K., Hiramatsu K., Ito K. Growth inhibition of human lung cancer cell lines by interleukin 6 in vitro: a possible role in tumor growth via an autocrine mechanism. Cancer Res. 1993 Sep 15;53(18):4175–4181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanner J., Tosato G. Impairment of natural killer functions by interleukin 6 increases lymphoblastoid cell tumorigenicity in athymic mice. J Clin Invest. 1991 Jul;88(1):239–247. doi: 10.1172/JCI115283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Meir E., Sawamura Y., Diserens A. C., Hamou M. F., de Tribolet N. Human glioblastoma cells release interleukin 6 in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res. 1990 Oct 15;50(20):6683–6688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Watson J. M., Sensintaffar J. L., Berek J. S., Martínez-Maza O. Constitutive production of interleukin 6 by ovarian cancer cell lines and by primary ovarian tumor cultures. Cancer Res. 1990 Nov 1;50(21):6959–6965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weber J., Yang J. C., Topalian S. L., Parkinson D. R., Schwartzentruber D. S., Ettinghausen S. E., Gunn H., Mixon A., Kim H., Cole D. Phase I trial of subcutaneous interleukin-6 in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):499–506. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.3.499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yanagawa H., Sone S., Munekata M., Atagi S., Nii A., Ogura T. IL-6 in malignant pleural effusions and its augmentation by intrapleural instillation of IL-2. Clin Exp Immunol. 1992 May;88(2):207–212. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03063.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yee C., Biondi A., Wang X. H., Iscove N. N., de Sousa J., Aarden L. A., Wong G. G., Clark S. C., Messner H. A., Minden M. D. A possible autocrine role for interleukin-6 in two lymphoma cell lines. Blood. 1989 Aug 1;74(2):798–804. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
