Abstract
1 The site (i.e. peripheral or central) of the toxicity produced by hemicholinium-3 in mice was investigated. 2 Hemicholinium-3 was measured fluorometrically and acetylcholine was determined by gas chromatography after intraventricular or intraperitoneal administration of hemicholinium-3. 3 Hemicholinium-3 was not detected in the brain nor were acetylcholine levels decreased in the brain after systemic administration. 4 The dose-response curve following intraventricular administration demonstrated that hemicholinium-3 was not as lethal after central administration as it was after peripheral administration. 5 Approximately 24% of a 75 microgram intraventricular dose of hemicholinium-3 was found in the periphery at death. 6 These results suggest that hemicholinium-3 manifests its toxicity primarily in the periphery.
Full text
PDF





Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- BIRKS R. I., MACINTOSH F. C., SASTRY P. B. Pharmacological inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis. Nature. 1956 Nov 24;178(4543):1181–1181. doi: 10.1038/1781181a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clement J. G. Effect of ethanol, pentobarbital and morphine on the toxicity of hemicholinium-3 and d-tubocurarine in mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1978 Nov;236(1):60–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DOMER F. R., SCHUELER F. W. Synthesis and metabolic studies of C14-labeled hemicholinium Number three. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1960 Aug;49:553–556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Balbian Verster F., Robinson C. A., Hengeveld C. A., Bush E. S. Freehand cerebroventricular injection technique for unanesthetized rats. Life Sci I. 1971 Dec 15;10(24):1395–1402. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(71)90268-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Domino E. F., Cassano G. B., Placidi G. F. Autoradiographic distribution of 14C-hemicholinium-3 in mouse whole body and dog brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1974 Jan;188(1):77–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dren A. T., Domino E. F. Effects of hemicholinium (HC-3) on EEG activation and brain acetylcholine in the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1968 May;161(1):141–154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ELMQVIST D., QUASTEL D. M. PRESYNAPTIC ACTION OF HEMICHOLINIUM AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. J Physiol. 1965 Apr;177:463–482. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007605. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freeman J. J., Choi R. L., Jenden D. J. The effect of hemicholinium on behavior and on brain acetylcholine and choline in the rat. Psychopharmacol Commun. 1975;1(1):15–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freeman J. J., Macri J. R., Choi R. L., Jenden D. J. Studies on the behavioral and biochemical effects of hemicholinium in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979 Jul;210(1):91–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GARDINER J. E. The inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis in brain by a hemicholinium. Biochem J. 1961 Nov;81:297–303. doi: 10.1042/bj0810297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GIARMAN N. J., PEPEU G. Drug-induced changes in brain acetylcholine. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1962 Oct;19:226–234. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01184.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guyenet P., Lefresne P., Rossier J., Beaujouan J. C., Glowinski J. Effect of sodium, hemicholinium-3 and antiparkinson drugs on (14C)acetylcholine synthesis and (3H)choline uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Brain Res. 1973 Nov 23;62(2):523–529. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90717-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HALEY T. J., MCCORMICK W. G. Pharmacological effects produced by intracerebral injection of drugs in the conscious mouse. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1957 Mar;12(1):12–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01354.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hemsworth B. A. The effect of a hemicholinium analogue, HC-15, of neuromuscular transmission. Eur J Pharmacol. 1971 Jun;15(1):91–100. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(71)90083-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jope R. S., Jenden D. J. Dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) metabolism in rat brain and its effect on acetylcholine synthesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979 Dec;211(3):472–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KASE Y., BORISON H. L. Central respitory depressant action of hemicholinium in the cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1958 Feb;122(2):215–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kosh J. W., Smith M. B., Sowell J. W., Freeman J. J. Improvements in the gas chromatographic analysis of acetylcholine and choline. J Chromatogr. 1979 Jun 11;163(2):206–211. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81465-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LONGO V. G. Action of hemicholinium No. 3 on phrenic nerve action potentials. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1959 Mar 1;119(1-2):1–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- METZ B. Correlation between respiratory reflex and acetylcholine content of pons and medulla. Am J Physiol. 1962 Jan;202:80–82. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.202.1.80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Madden J., Mitchelson F. The interaction of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) with cholinomimetics and atropine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1975 May;32(1):17–29. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(75)90318-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall I. G. The effects of some hemicholinium-like substances on the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. Eur J Pharmacol. 1969 Nov;8(2):204–214. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(69)90078-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Quastel D. M., Curtis D. R. A central action of hemicholinium. Nature. 1965 Oct 9;208(5006):192–194. doi: 10.1038/208192a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SCHUELER F. W. A new group of respiratory paralyzants. I. The "hemicholiniums". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1955 Oct;115(2):127–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SCHUELER F. W., LONGO V. G., BOVET D. Un nuovo gruppo di paralizzanti centrali. Arch Ital Sci Farmacol. 1954 Jul;4(3):328–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shaw G. G. Some shortcomings of direct intraventricular injection in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 1974 Apr;50(4):603–605. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb08596.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Squire L. R., Glick S. D., Goldfarb J. Relearning at different times after training as affected by centrally and peripherally acting cholinergic drugs in the mouse. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1971 Jan;74(1):41–45. doi: 10.1037/h0030325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yamamura H. I., Snyder S. H. High affinity transport of choline into synaptosomes of rat brain. J Neurochem. 1973 Dec;21(6):1355–1374. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb06022.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
