Abstract
Polyphenols have been implicated in the virulence and oxidant resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans. Although monomeric polyphenols did not protect against the prooxidant, plumbagin, polymeric dopamine-melanin conferred resistance both to hypochlorite and to permanganate. The physiologic antioxidant capacity conferred by melanin was found to be 21.3 x 10(-15) mole-equivalents per cell, a value which approximates oxidant production by stimulated macrophages.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Babior B. M., Kipnes R. S., Curnutte J. T. Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent. J Clin Invest. 1973 Mar;52(3):741–744. doi: 10.1172/JCI107236. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dixon D. M., Polak A., Szaniszlo P. J. Pathogenicity and virulence of wild-type and melanin-deficient Wangiella dermatitidis. J Med Vet Mycol. 1987 Apr;25(2):97–106. doi: 10.1080/02681218780000141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fels A. O., Nathan C. F., Cohn Z. A. Hydrogen peroxide release by alveolar macrophages from sarcoid patients and by alveolar macrophages from normals after exposure to recombinant interferons alpha A, beta, and gamma and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1987 Aug;80(2):381–386. doi: 10.1172/JCI113083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gan E. V., Haberman H. F., Menon I. A. Electron transfer properties of melanin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1976 Apr;173(2):666–672. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90304-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hassan H. M., Fridovich I. Intracellular production of superoxide radical and of hydrogen peroxide by redox active compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1979 Sep;196(2):385–395. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90289-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacobson E. S., Emery H. S. Catecholamine uptake, melanization, and oxygen toxicity in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Bacteriol. 1991 Jan;173(1):401–403. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.1.401-403.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Korytowski W., Sarna T. Bleaching of melanin pigments. Role of copper ions and hydrogen peroxide in autooxidation and photooxidation of synthetic dopa-melanin. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jul 25;265(21):12410–12416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kwon-Chung K. J., Hill W. B., Bennett J. E. New, special stain for histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Feb;13(2):383–387. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.2.383-387.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kwon-Chung K. J., Polacheck I., Popkin T. J. Melanin-lacking mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans and their virulence for mice. J Bacteriol. 1982 Jun;150(3):1414–1421. doi: 10.1128/jb.150.3.1414-1421.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Murray H. W., Cohn Z. A. Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. III. Enhanced oxidative metabolism as an expression of macrophage activation. J Exp Med. 1980 Dec 1;152(6):1596–1609. doi: 10.1084/jem.152.6.1596. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nakagawara A., Nathan C. F., Cohn Z. A. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism in human monocytes during differentiation in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1981 Nov;68(5):1243–1252. doi: 10.1172/JCI110370. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nicolaus R. A., Piattelli M., Fattorusso E. The structure of melanins and melanogenesis. IV. On some natural melanins. Tetrahedron. 1964 May;20(5):1163–1172. doi: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)98983-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rhodes J. C., Polacheck I., Kwon-Chung K. J. Phenoloxidase activity and virulence in isogenic strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 1982 Jun;36(3):1175–1184. doi: 10.1128/iai.36.3.1175-1184.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wheeler M. H., Bell A. A. Melanins and their importance in pathogenic fungi. Curr Top Med Mycol. 1988;2:338–387. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]