Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Cell Biology logoLink to The Journal of Cell Biology
. 1985 Mar 1;100(3):704–714. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.3.704

Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin affect different stages of intracellular transport

PMCID: PMC2113518  PMID: 3972890

Abstract

Mutations have been introduced into the cloned DNA sequences coding for influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), and the resulting mutant genes have been expressed in simian cells by the use of SV40-HA recombinant viral vectors. In this study we analyzed the effect of specific alterations in the cytoplasmic domain of the HA molecule on its rate of biosynthesis and transport, cellular localization, and biological activity. Several of the mutants displayed abnormalities in the pathway of transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. One mutant HA remained within the endoplasmic reticulum; others were delayed in reaching the Golgi apparatus after core glycosylation had been completed in the endoplasmic reticulum, but then progressed at a normal rate from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface; another was delayed in transport from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. However, two mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type HA in their rate of movement from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. We conclude that changes in the cytoplasmic domain can powerfully influence the rate of intracellular transport and the efficiency with which HA reaches the cell surface. Nevertheless, absolute conservation of this region of the molecule is not required for maturation and efficient expression of a biologically active HA on the surface of infected cells.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.1 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ash J. F., Louvard D., Singer S. J. Antibody-induced linkages of plasma membrane proteins to intracellular actomyosin-containing filaments in cultured fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5584–5588. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5584. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blobel G. Intracellular protein topogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Mar;77(3):1496–1500. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1496. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Blobel G., Walter P., Chang C. N., Goldman B. M., Erickson A. H., Lingappa V. R. Translocation of proteins across membranes: the signal hypothesis and beyond. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1979;33:9–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brown W. J., Farquhar M. G. The mannose-6-phosphate receptor for lysosomal enzymes is concentrated in cis Golgi cisternae. Cell. 1984 Feb;36(2):295–307. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90223-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Davis B. D., Tai P. C. The mechanism of protein secretion across membranes. Nature. 1980 Jan 31;283(5746):433–438. doi: 10.1038/283433a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Fitting T., Kabat D. Evidence for a glycoprotein "signal" involved in transport between subcellular organelles. Two membrane glycoproteins encoded by murine leukemia virus reach the cell surface at different rates. J Biol Chem. 1982 Dec 10;257(23):14011–14017. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fries E., Gustafsson L., Peterson P. A. Four secretory proteins synthesized by hepatocytes are transported from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complex at different rates. EMBO J. 1984 Jan;3(1):147–152. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01775.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Garoff H., Kondor-Koch C., Pettersson R., Burke B. Expression of Semliki Forest virus proteins from cloned complementary DNA. II. The membrane-spanning glycoprotein E2 is transported to the cell surface without its normal cytoplasmic domain. J Cell Biol. 1983 Sep;97(3):652–658. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.3.652. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gething M. J., Bye J., Skehel J., Waterfield M. Cloning and DNA sequence of double-stranded copies of haemagglutinin genes from H2 and H3 strains elucidates antigenic shift and drift in human influenza virus. Nature. 1980 Sep 25;287(5780):301–306. doi: 10.1038/287301a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gething M. J., Sambrook J. Cell-surface expression of influenza haemagglutinin from a cloned DNA copy of the RNA gene. Nature. 1981 Oct 22;293(5834):620–625. doi: 10.1038/293620a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gething M. J., Sambrook J. Construction of influenza haemagglutinin genes that code for intracellular and secreted forms of the protein. Nature. 1982 Dec 16;300(5893):598–603. doi: 10.1038/300598a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Green J., Griffiths G., Louvard D., Quinn P., Warren G. Passage of viral membrane proteins through the Golgi complex. J Mol Biol. 1981 Nov 15;152(4):663–698. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90122-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gumbiner B., Kelly R. B. Two distinct intracellular pathways transport secretory and membrane glycoproteins to the surface of pituitary tumor cells. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):51–59. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90374-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hanahan D. Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J Mol Biol. 1983 Jun 5;166(4):557–580. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80284-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hirt B. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jun 14;26(2):365–369. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90307-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hubbard S. C., Ivatt R. J. Synthesis and processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:555–583. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.003011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kornfeld S., Li E., Tabas I. The synthesis of complex-type oligosaccharides. II. Characterization of the processing intermediates in the synthesis of the complex oligosaccharide units of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. J Biol Chem. 1978 Nov 10;253(21):7771–7778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lazarowitz S. G., Compans R. W., Choppin P. W. Influenza virus structural and nonstructural proteins in infected cells and their plasma membranes. Virology. 1971 Dec;46(3):830–843. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90084-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ledford B. E., Davis D. F. Kinetics of serum protein secretion by cultured hepatoma cells. Evidence for multiple secretory pathways. J Biol Chem. 1983 Mar 10;258(5):3304–3308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lodish H. F., Kong N., Snider M., Strous G. J. Hepatoma secretory proteins migrate from rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi at characteristic rates. Nature. 1983 Jul 7;304(5921):80–83. doi: 10.1038/304080a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Louvard D., Reggio H., Warren G. Antibodies to the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 1982 Jan;92(1):92–107. doi: 10.1083/jcb.92.1.92. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Luthman H., Magnusson G. High efficiency polyoma DNA transfection of chloroquine treated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1295–1308. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Matlin K. S., Simons K. Reduced temperature prevents transfer of a membrane glycoprotein to the cell surface but does not prevent terminal glycosylation. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):233–243. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90154-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McCutchan J. H., Pagano J. S. Enchancement of the infectivity of simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid with diethylaminoethyl-dextran. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968 Aug;41(2):351–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Murre C., Reiss C. S., Bernabeu C., Chen L. B., Burakoff S. J., Seidman J. G. Construction, expression and recognition of an H-2 molecule lacking its carboxyl terminus. Nature. 1984 Feb 2;307(5950):432–436. doi: 10.1038/307432a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ohkuma S., Poole B. Cytoplasmic vacuolation of mouse peritoneal macrophages and the uptake into lysosomes of weakly basic substances. J Cell Biol. 1981 Sep;90(3):656–664. doi: 10.1083/jcb.90.3.656. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Owen M. J., Kissonerghis A. M., Lodish H. F. Biosynthesis of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 25;255(20):9678–9684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Palade G. Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis. Science. 1975 Aug 1;189(4200):347–358. doi: 10.1126/science.1096303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Pipas J. M., Adler S. P., Peden K. W., Nathans D. Deletion mutants of SV40 that affect the structure of viral tumor antigens. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1980;44(Pt 1):285–291. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ploegh H. L., Orr H. T., Strominger J. L. Major histocompatibility antigens: the human (HLA-A, -B, -C) and murine (H-2K, H-2D) class I molecules. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):287–299. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90318-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Quinn P., Griffiths G., Warren G. Density of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins in intracellular membranes II. Biochemical studies. J Cell Biol. 1984 Jun;98(6):2142–2147. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.6.2142. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Rindler M. J., Ivanov I. E., Plesken H., Rodriguez-Boulan E., Sabatini D. D. Viral glycoproteins destined for apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains traverse the same Golgi apparatus during their intracellular transport in doubly infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Cell Biol. 1984 Apr;98(4):1304–1319. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1304. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Rogers J., Early P., Carter C., Calame K., Bond M., Hood L., Wall R. Two mRNAs with different 3' ends encode membrane-bound and secreted forms of immunoglobulin mu chain. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):303–312. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90616-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rose J. K., Bergmann J. E. Altered cytoplasmic domains affect intracellular transport of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Cell. 1983 Sep;34(2):513–524. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90384-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Sabatini D. D., Kreibich G., Morimoto T., Adesnik M. Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles. J Cell Biol. 1982 Jan;92(1):1–22. doi: 10.1083/jcb.92.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Sanger F., Coulson A. R., Barrell B. G., Smith A. J., Roe B. A. Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA sequencing. J Mol Biol. 1980 Oct 25;143(2):161–178. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90196-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Saraste J., Hedman K. Intracellular vesicles involved in the transport of Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins to the cell surface. EMBO J. 1983;2(11):2001–2006. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01691.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Saraste J., Kuismanen E. Pre- and post-Golgi vacuoles operate in the transport of Semliki Forest virus membrane glycoproteins to the cell surface. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):535–549. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90508-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Schmidt M. F., Bracha M., Schlesinger M. J. Evidence for covalent attachment of fatty acids to Sindbis virus glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Apr;76(4):1687–1691. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.4.1687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Schwartz D. E., Tizard R., Gilbert W. Nucleotide sequence of Rous sarcoma virus. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):853–869. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90071-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Shida H., Matsumoto S. Analysis of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein from mutants of vaccinia virus that accumulates on the nuclear envelope. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):423–434. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90424-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Shortle D. A genetic system for analysis of staphylococcal nuclease. Gene. 1983 May-Jun;22(2-3):181–189. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90102-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Silhavy T. J., Benson S. A., Emr S. D. Mechanisms of protein localization. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Sep;47(3):313–344. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.3.313-344.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Skehel J. J., Waterfield M. D. Studies on the primary structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):93–97. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Sly W. S., Fischer H. D. The phosphomannosyl recognition system for intracellular and intercellular transport of lysosomal enzymes. J Cell Biochem. 1982;18(1):67–85. doi: 10.1002/jcb.1982.240180107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Strous G. J., Lodish H. F. Intracellular transport of secretory and membrane proteins in hepatoma cells infected by vesicular stomatitis virus. Cell. 1980 Dec;22(3):709–717. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90547-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Strous G. J., Willemsen R., van Kerkhof P., Slot J. W., Geuze H. J., Lodish H. F. Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, albumin, and transferrin are transported to the cell surface via the same Golgi vesicles. J Cell Biol. 1983 Dec;97(6):1815–1822. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.6.1815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Tarentino A. L., Maley F. Purification and properties of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptomyces griseus. J Biol Chem. 1974 Feb 10;249(3):811–817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Tkacz J. S., Lampen O. Tunicamycin inhibition of polyisoprenyl N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphate formation in calf-liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 Jul 8;65(1):248–257. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80086-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Wen D., Schlesinger M. J. Fatty acid-acylated proteins in secretory mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Apr;4(4):688–694. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.4.688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Wiley D. C., Wilson I. A., Skehel J. J. Structural identification of the antibody-binding sites of Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin and their involvement in antigenic variation. Nature. 1981 Jan 29;289(5796):373–378. doi: 10.1038/289373a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Wills J. W., Srinivas R. V., Hunter E. Mutations of the Rous sarcoma virus env gene that affect the transport and subcellular location of the glycoprotein products. J Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;99(6):2011–2023. doi: 10.1083/jcb.99.6.2011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Wilson I. A., Skehel J. J., Wiley D. C. Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 A resolution. Nature. 1981 Jan 29;289(5796):366–373. doi: 10.1038/289366a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Zuniga M. C., Malissen B., McMillan M., Brayton P. R., Clark S. S., Forman J., Hood L. Expression and function of transplantation antigens with altered or deleted cytoplasmic domains. Cell. 1983 Sep;34(2):535–544. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90386-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES