Abstract
Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy were used in conjunction with a monoclonal antibody to investigate the localization of type X collagen in the proximal tibial growth plate of 7-d-old chicks. This molecule was detected throughout the hypertrophic zone first appearing when chondrocytes exhibited hypertrophy: it was absent from the proliferative zone. Type X collagen was primarily associated with type II collagen fibrils as demonstrated by immunogold staining. Type X collagen was not concentrated in the focal calcification sites nor was it associated with matrix vesicles. These observations suggest that type X collagen may play a role other than that directly related to the nucleation of calcification.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (4.7 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anderson H. C. Vesicles associated with calcification in the matrix of epiphyseal cartilage. J Cell Biol. 1969 Apr;41(1):59–72. doi: 10.1083/jcb.41.1.59. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Arsenault A. L., Ottensmeyer F. P. Quantitative spatial distributions of calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur in calcifying epiphysis by high resolution electron spectroscopic imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(5):1322–1326. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.5.1322. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bonucci E. Fine structure of early cartilage calcification. J Ultrastruct Res. 1967 Sep;20(1):33–50. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5320(67)80034-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckwalter J. A., Mower D., Schaeffer J. Differences in matrix vesicle concentration among growth plate zones. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(2):157–163. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100050202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burgeson R. E., Hollister D. W. Collagen heterogeneity in human cartilage: identification of several new collagen chains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 Apr 27;87(4):1124–1131. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(79)80024-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Champion B. R., Poole A. R. Immunity to homologous cartilage proteoglycans in rabbits with chronic inflammatory arthritis. Coll Relat Res. 1981 Sep;1(5):453–473. doi: 10.1016/s0174-173x(81)80029-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dean D. D., Muniz O. E., Berman I., Pita J. C., Carreno M. R., Woessner J. F., Jr, Howell D. S. Localization of collagenase in the growth plate of rachitic rats. J Clin Invest. 1985 Aug;76(2):716–722. doi: 10.1172/JCI112026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eyre D. R., Apon S., Wu J. J., Ericsson L. H., Walsh K. A. Collagen type IX: evidence for covalent linkages to type II collagen in cartilage. FEBS Lett. 1987 Aug 17;220(2):337–341. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80842-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fell H. B., Robison R. The development and phosphatase activity in vivo and in vitro of the mandibular skeletal tissue of the embryonic fowl. Biochem J. 1930;24(6):1905–1921. doi: 10.1042/bj0241905. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fell H. B., Robison R. The growth, development and phosphatase activity of embryonic avian femora and limb-buds cultivated in vitro. Biochem J. 1929;23(4):767–784.5. doi: 10.1042/bj0230767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gadher S. J., Eyre D. R., Duance V. C., Wotton S. F., Heck L. W., Schmid T. M., Woolley D. E. Susceptibility of cartilage collagens type II, IX, X, and XI to human synovial collagenase and neutrophil elastase. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Jul 15;175(1):1–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14158.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibson G. J., Bearman C. H., Flint M. H. The immunoperoxidase localization of type X collagen in chick cartilage and lung. Coll Relat Res. 1986 Jun;6(2):163–184. doi: 10.1016/s0174-173x(86)80023-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibson G. J., Schor S. L., Grant M. E. Effects of matrix macromolecules on chondrocyte gene expression: synthesis of a low molecular weight collagen species by cells cultured within collagen gels. J Cell Biol. 1982 Jun;93(3):767–774. doi: 10.1083/jcb.93.3.767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grant W. T., Sussman M. D., Balian G. A disulfide-bonded short chain collagen synthesized by degenerative and calcifying zones of bovine growth plate cartilage. J Biol Chem. 1985 Mar 25;260(6):3798–3803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Habuchi H., Conrad H. E., Glaser J. H. Coordinate regulation of collagen and alkaline phosphatase levels in chick embryo chondrocytes. J Biol Chem. 1985 Oct 25;260(24):13029–13034. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Landis W. J., Glimcher M. J. Electron optical and analytical observations of rat growth plate cartilage prepared by ultracryomicrotomy: the failure to detect a mineral phase in matrix vesicles and the identification of heterodispersed particles as the initial solid phase of calcium phosphate deposited in the extracellular matrix. J Ultrastruct Res. 1982 Mar;78(3):227–268. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)80001-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linsenmayer T. F., Gibney E., Schmid T. M. Segmental appearance of type X collagen in the developing avian notochord. Dev Biol. 1986 Feb;113(2):467–473. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90182-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LuValle P., Ninomiya Y., Rosenblum N. D., Olsen B. R. The type X collagen gene. Intron sequences split the 5'-untranslated region and separate the coding regions for the non-collagenous amino-terminal and triple-helical domains. J Biol Chem. 1988 Dec 5;263(34):18378–18385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mendler M., Eich-Bender S. G., Vaughan L., Winterhalter K. H., Bruckner P. Cartilage contains mixed fibrils of collagen types II, IX, and XI. J Cell Biol. 1989 Jan;108(1):191–197. doi: 10.1083/jcb.108.1.191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morris D. C., Vänänen H. K., Anderson H. C. Matrix vesicle calcification in rat epiphyseal growth plate cartilage prepared anhydrously for electron microscopy. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res. 1983;5(3):131–137. doi: 10.1016/0221-8747(83)90014-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Müller-Glauser W., Humbel B., Glatt M., Sträuli P., Winterhalter K. H., Bruckner P. On the role of type IX collagen in the extracellular matrix of cartilage: type IX collagen is localized to intersections of collagen fibrils. J Cell Biol. 1986 May;102(5):1931–1939. doi: 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1931. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ninomiya Y., Gordon M., van der Rest M., Schmid T., Linsenmayer T., Olsen B. R. The developmentally regulated type X collagen gene contains a long open reading frame without introns. J Biol Chem. 1986 Apr 15;261(11):5041–5050. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poole A. R., Hembry R. M., Dingle J. T. Cathepsin D in cartilage: the immunohistochemical demonstration of extracellular enzyme in normal and pathological conditions. J Cell Sci. 1974 Jan;14(1):139–161. doi: 10.1242/jcs.14.1.139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poole A. R., Pidoux I., Reiner A., Choi H., Rosenberg L. C. Association of an extracellular protein (chondrocalcin) with the calcification of cartilage in endochondral bone formation. J Cell Biol. 1984 Jan;98(1):54–65. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.1.54. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poole A. R., Pidoux I., Reiner A., Tang L. H., Choi H., Rosenberg L. Localization of proteoglycan monomer and link protein in the matrix of bovine articular cartilage: An immunohistochemical study. J Histochem Cytochem. 1980 Jul;28(7):621–635. doi: 10.1177/28.7.6156200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reginato A. M., Lash J. W., Jimenez S. A. Biosynthetic expression of type X collagen in embryonic chick sternum cartilage during development. J Biol Chem. 1986 Feb 25;261(6):2897–2904. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Remington M. C., Bashey R. I., Brighton C. T., Jimenez S. A. Biosynthesis of a disulphide-bonded short-chain collagen by calf growth-plate cartilage. Biochem J. 1984 Nov 15;224(1):227–233. doi: 10.1042/bj2240227. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robison R. The Possible Significance of Hexosephosphoric Esters in Ossification. Biochem J. 1923;17(2):286–293. doi: 10.1042/bj0170286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid T. M., Conrad H. E. A unique low molecular weight collagen secreted by cultured chick embryo chondrocytes. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 25;257(20):12444–12450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid T. M., Conrad H. E. Metabolism of low molecular weight collagen by chondrocytes obtained from histologically distinct zones of the chick embryo tibiotarsus. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 25;257(20):12451–12457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid T. M., Linsenmayer T. F. Immunohistochemical localization of short chain cartilage collagen (type X) in avian tissues. J Cell Biol. 1985 Feb;100(2):598–605. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.2.598. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid T. M., Mayne R., Bruns R. R., Linsenmayer T. F. Molecular structure of short-chain (SC) cartilage collagen by electron microscopy. J Ultrastruct Res. 1984 Feb;86(2):186–191. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5320(84)80057-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid T. M., Mayne R., Jeffrey J. J., Linsenmayer T. F. Type X collagen contains two cleavage sites for a vertebrate collagenase. J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 25;261(9):4184–4189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shepard N., Mitchell N. Ultrastructural modifications of proteoglycans coincident with mineralization in local regions of rat growth plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985 Mar;67(3):455–464. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Bernard B., Bianco P., Bonucci E., Costantini M., Lunazzi G. C., Martinuzzi P., Modricky C., Moro L., Panfili E., Pollesello P. Biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence that in cartilage an alkaline phosphatase is a Ca2+-binding glycoprotein. J Cell Biol. 1986 Oct;103(4):1615–1623. doi: 10.1083/jcb.103.4.1615. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van der Rest M., Mayne R. Type IX collagen proteoglycan from cartilage is covalently cross-linked to type II collagen. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 5;263(4):1615–1618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
