Skip to main content
The Journal of Cell Biology logoLink to The Journal of Cell Biology
. 1990 Dec 1;111(6):2807–2814. doi: 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2807

Epidermal differentiation: the bare essentials

PMCID: PMC2116387  PMID: 2269655

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (3.0 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Akhurst R. J., Fee F., Balmain A. Localized production of TGF-beta mRNA in tumour promoter-stimulated mouse epidermis. Nature. 1988 Jan 28;331(6154):363–365. doi: 10.1038/331363a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ansel J. C., Luger T. A., Lowry D., Perry P., Roop D. R., Mountz J. D. The expression and modulation of IL-1 alpha in murine keratinocytes. J Immunol. 1988 Apr 1;140(7):2274–2278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Asselineau D., Bernard B. A., Bailly C., Darmon M., Pruniéras M. Human epidermis reconstructed by culture: is it "normal"? J Invest Dermatol. 1986 Feb;86(2):181–186. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12284237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bailleul B., Surani M. A., White S., Barton S. C., Brown K., Blessing M., Jorcano J., Balmain A. Skin hyperkeratosis and papilloma formation in transgenic mice expressing a ras oncogene from a suprabasal keratin promoter. Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):697–708. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90115-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barrandon Y., Green H. Cell migration is essential for sustained growth of keratinocyte colonies: the roles of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor. Cell. 1987 Sep 25;50(7):1131–1137. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90179-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bascom C. C., Wolfshohl J. R., Coffey R. J., Jr, Madisen L., Webb N. R., Purchio A. R., Derynck R., Moses H. L. Complex regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 mRNA expression in mouse fibroblasts and keratinocytes by transforming growth factors beta 1 and beta 2. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Dec;9(12):5508–5515. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.12.5508. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Blau H. M., Chiu C. P., Webster C. Cytoplasmic activation of human nuclear genes in stable heterocaryons. Cell. 1983 Apr;32(4):1171–1180. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90300-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blessing M., Jorcano J. L., Franke W. W. Enhancer elements directing cell-type-specific expression of cytokeratin genes and changes of the epithelial cytoskeleton by transfections of hybrid cytokeratin genes. EMBO J. 1989 Jan;8(1):117–126. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03355.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blessing M., Zentgraf H., Jorcano J. L. Differentially expressed bovine cytokeratin genes. Analysis of gene linkage and evolutionary conservation of 5'-upstream sequences. EMBO J. 1987 Mar;6(3):567–575. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04792.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chin M. T., Broker T. R., Chow L. T. Identification of a novel constitutive enhancer element and an associated binding protein: implications for human papillomavirus type 11 enhancer regulation. J Virol. 1989 Jul;63(7):2967–2976. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.7.2967-2976.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Choi Y., Fuchs E. TGF-beta and retinoic acid: regulators of growth and modifiers of differentiation in human epidermal cells. Cell Regul. 1990 Oct;1(11):791–809. doi: 10.1091/mbc.1.11.791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chytil F., Ong D. E. Cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins. Adv Nutr Res. 1983;5:13–29. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9937-7_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Coffey R. J., Jr, Derynck R., Wilcox J. N., Bringman T. S., Goustin A. S., Moses H. L., Pittelkow M. R. Production and auto-induction of transforming growth factor-alpha in human keratinocytes. 1987 Aug 27-Sep 2Nature. 328(6133):817–820. doi: 10.1038/328817a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cripe T. P., Haugen T. H., Turk J. P., Tabatabai F., Schmid P. G., 3rd, Dürst M., Gissmann L., Roman A., Turek L. P. Transcriptional regulation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6-E7 promoter by a keratinocyte-dependent enhancer, and by viral E2 trans-activator and repressor gene products: implications for cervical carcinogenesis. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 1;6(12):3745–3753. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02709.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Duden R., Franke W. W. Organization of desmosomal plaque proteins in cells growing at low calcium concentrations. J Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;107(3):1049–1063. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.3.1049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Eckert R. L., Green H. Structure and evolution of the human involucrin gene. Cell. 1986 Aug 15;46(4):583–589. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90884-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Eichner R., Sun T. T., Aebi U. The role of keratin subfamilies and keratin pairs in the formation of human epidermal intermediate filaments. J Cell Biol. 1986 May;102(5):1767–1777. doi: 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Elder J. T., Fisher G. J., Lindquist P. B., Bennett G. L., Pittelkow M. R., Coffey R. J., Jr, Ellingsworth L., Derynck R., Voorhees J. J. Overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha in psoriatic epidermis. Science. 1989 Feb 10;243(4892):811–814. doi: 10.1126/science.2916128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. FELL H. B., MELLANBY E. Metaplasia produced in cultures of chick ectoderm by high vitamin A. J Physiol. 1953 Mar;119(4):470–488. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Finch P. W., Rubin J. S., Miki T., Ron D., Aaronson S. A. Human KGF is FGF-related with properties of a paracrine effector of epithelial cell growth. Science. 1989 Aug 18;245(4919):752–755. doi: 10.1126/science.2475908. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fleckman P., Dale B. A., Holbrook K. A. Profilaggrin, a high-molecular-weight precursor of filaggrin in human epidermis and cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1985 Dec;85(6):507–512. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Franke W. W., Cowin P., Schmelz M., Kapprell H. P. The desmosomal plaque and the cytoskeleton. Ciba Found Symp. 1987;125:26–48. doi: 10.1002/9780470513408.ch3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fuchs E., Green H. Changes in keratin gene expression during terminal differentiation of the keratinocyte. Cell. 1980 Apr;19(4):1033–1042. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90094-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Fuchs E., Green H. Regulation of terminal differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes by vitamin A. Cell. 1981 Sep;25(3):617–625. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90169-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Glick A. B., Danielpour D., Morgan D., Sporn M. B., Yuspa S. H. Induction and autocrine receptor binding of transforming growth factor-beta 2 during terminal differentiation of primary mouse keratinocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Jan;4(1):46–52. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-1-46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Glick A. B., Flanders K. C., Danielpour D., Yuspa S. H., Sporn M. B. Retinoic acid induces transforming growth factor-beta 2 in cultured keratinocytes and mouse epidermis. Cell Regul. 1989 Nov;1(1):87–97. doi: 10.1091/mbc.1.1.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gottlieb A. B., Chang C. K., Posnett D. N., Fanelli B., Tam J. P. Detection of transforming growth factor alpha in normal, malignant, and hyperproliferative human keratinocytes. J Exp Med. 1988 Feb 1;167(2):670–675. doi: 10.1084/jem.167.2.670. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Green M. R., Mycock C., Smith C. G., Couchman J. R. Biochemical and ultrastructural processing of [125I]epidermal growth factor in rat epidermis and hair follicles: accumulation of nuclear label. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 Mar;88(3):259–265. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12465488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Greenhalgh D. A., Welty D. J., Player A., Yuspa S. H. Two oncogenes, v-fos and v-ras, cooperate to convert normal keratinocytes to squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(2):643–647. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.2.643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Grossman R. M., Krueger J., Yourish D., Granelli-Piperno A., Murphy D. P., May L. T., Kupper T. S., Sehgal P. B., Gottlieb A. B. Interleukin 6 is expressed in high levels in psoriatic skin and stimulates proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6367–6371. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.16.6367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hennings H., Michael D., Cheng C., Steinert P., Holbrook K., Yuspa S. H. Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture. Cell. 1980 Jan;19(1):245–254. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90406-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Herr W., Sturm R. A., Clerc R. G., Corcoran L. M., Baltimore D., Sharp P. A., Ingraham H. A., Rosenfeld M. G., Finney M., Ruvkun G. The POU domain: a large conserved region in the mammalian pit-1, oct-1, oct-2, and Caenorhabditis elegans unc-86 gene products. Genes Dev. 1988 Dec;2(12A):1513–1516. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.12a.1513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jaken S., Yuspa S. H. Early signals for keratinocyte differentiation: role of Ca2+-mediated inositol lipid metabolism in normal and neoplastic epidermal cells. Carcinogenesis. 1988 Jun;9(6):1033–1038. doi: 10.1093/carcin/9.6.1033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Johnson L. D., Idler W. W., Zhou X. M., Roop D. R., Steinert P. M. Structure of a gene for the human epidermal 67-kDa keratin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Apr;82(7):1896–1900. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.7.1896. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kemler I., Schaffner W. Octamer transcription factors and the cell type-specificity of immunoglobulin gene expression. FASEB J. 1990 Mar;4(5):1444–1449. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.4.5.2407588. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kopan R., Fuchs E. The use of retinoic acid to probe the relation between hyperproliferation-associated keratins and cell proliferation in normal and malignant epidermal cells. J Cell Biol. 1989 Jul;109(1):295–307. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.1.295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kopan R., Traska G., Fuchs E. Retinoids as important regulators of terminal differentiation: examining keratin expression in individual epidermal cells at various stages of keratinization. J Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;105(1):427–440. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.1.427. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Krieg T. M., Schafer M. P., Cheng C. K., Filpula D., Flaherty P., Steinert P. M., Roop D. R. Organization of a type I keratin gene. Evidence for evolution of intermediate filaments from a common ancestral gene. J Biol Chem. 1985 May 25;260(10):5867–5870. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Krust A., Kastner P., Petkovich M., Zelent A., Chambon P. A third human retinoic acid receptor, hRAR-gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5310–5314. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5310. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kupper T. S., Min K., Sehgal P., Mizutani H., Birchall N., Ray A., May L. Production of IL-6 by keratinocytes. Implications for epidermal inflammation and immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;557:454–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lassar A. B., Paterson B. M., Weintraub H. Transfection of a DNA locus that mediates the conversion of 10T1/2 fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell. 1986 Dec 5;47(5):649–656. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90507-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Leask A., Rosenberg M., Vassar R., Fuchs E. Regulation of a human epidermal keratin gene: sequences and nuclear factors involved in keratinocyte-specific transcription. Genes Dev. 1990 Nov;4(11):1985–1998. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.11.1985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Lersch R., Stellmach V., Stocks C., Giudice G., Fuchs E. Isolation, sequence, and expression of a human keratin K5 gene: transcriptional regulation of keratins and insights into pairwise control. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;9(9):3685–3697. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.9.3685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lyons K. M., Pelton R. W., Hogan B. L. Patterns of expression of murine Vgr-1 and BMP-2a RNA suggest that transforming growth factor-beta-like genes coordinately regulate aspects of embryonic development. Genes Dev. 1989 Nov;3(11):1657–1668. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.11.1657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lyons R. M., Keski-Oja J., Moses H. L. Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta from fibroblast-conditioned medium. J Cell Biol. 1988 May;106(5):1659–1665. doi: 10.1083/jcb.106.5.1659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mangalam H. J., Albert V. R., Ingraham H. A., Kapiloff M., Wilson L., Nelson C., Elsholtz H., Rosenfeld M. G. A pituitary POU domain protein, Pit-1, activates both growth hormone and prolactin promoters transcriptionally. Genes Dev. 1989 Jul;3(7):946–958. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.7.946. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Mangelsdorf D. J., Ong E. S., Dyck J. A., Evans R. M. Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway. Nature. 1990 May 17;345(6272):224–229. doi: 10.1038/345224a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mansbridge J. N., Hanawalt P. C. Role of transforming growth factor beta in the maturation of human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1988 Mar;90(3):336–341. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12456286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Mansbridge J. N., Knapp A. M. Changes in keratinocyte maturation during wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 Sep;89(3):253–263. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12471216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Marchuk D., McCrohon S., Fuchs E. Remarkable conservation of structure among intermediate filament genes. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):491–498. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90456-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Mehrel T., Hohl D., Rothnagel J. A., Longley M. A., Bundman D., Cheng C., Lichti U., Bisher M. E., Steven A. C., Steinert P. M. Identification of a major keratinocyte cell envelope protein, loricrin. Cell. 1990 Jun 15;61(6):1103–1112. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90073-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Miyazono K., Hellman U., Wernstedt C., Heldin C. H. Latent high molecular weight complex of transforming growth factor beta 1. Purification from human platelets and structural characterization. J Biol Chem. 1988 May 5;263(13):6407–6415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Nelson W. G., Sun T. T. The 50- and 58-kdalton keratin classes as molecular markers for stratified squamous epithelia: cell culture studies. J Cell Biol. 1983 Jul;97(1):244–251. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.1.244. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Noji S., Yamaai T., Koyama E., Nohno T., Fujimoto W., Arata J., Taniguchi S. Expression of retinoic acid receptor genes in keratinizing front of skin. FEBS Lett. 1989 Dec 18;259(1):86–90. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81501-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ozanne B., Richards C. S., Hendler F., Burns D., Gusterson B. Over-expression of the EGF receptor is a hallmark of squamous cell carcinomas. J Pathol. 1986 May;149(1):9–14. doi: 10.1002/path.1711490104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Padgett R. W., St Johnston R. D., Gelbart W. M. A transcript from a Drosophila pattern gene predicts a protein homologous to the transforming growth factor-beta family. Nature. 1987 Jan 1;325(6099):81–84. doi: 10.1038/325081a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Pelton R. W., Nomura S., Moses H. L., Hogan B. L. Expression of transforming growth factor beta 2 RNA during murine embryogenesis. Development. 1989 Aug;106(4):759–767. doi: 10.1242/dev.106.4.759. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pietenpol J. A., Stein R. W., Moran E., Yaciuk P., Schlegel R., Lyons R. M., Pittelkow M. R., Münger K., Howley P. M., Moses H. L. TGF-beta 1 inhibition of c-myc transcription and growth in keratinocytes is abrogated by viral transforming proteins with pRB binding domains. Cell. 1990 Jun 1;61(5):777–785. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90188-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Pittelkow M. R., Lindquist P. B., Abraham R. T., Graves-Deal R., Derynck R., Coffey R. J., Jr Induction of transforming growth factor-alpha expression in human keratinocytes by phorbol esters. J Biol Chem. 1989 Mar 25;264(9):5164–5171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Potten C. S., Morris R. J. Epithelial stem cells in vivo. J Cell Sci Suppl. 1988;10:45–62. doi: 10.1242/jcs.1988.supplement_10.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rees J. L., Redfern C. P. Expression of the alpha and beta retinoic acid receptors in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Dec;93(6):818–820. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12284435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Rheinwald J. G. Serial cultivation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Methods Cell Biol. 1980;21A:229–254. doi: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60769-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rice R. H., Green H. Presence in human epidermal cells of a soluble protein precursor of the cross-linked envelope: activation of the cross-linking by calcium ions. Cell. 1979 Nov;18(3):681–694. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90123-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Richter K. H., Schnapke R., Clauss M., Fürstenberger G., Hinz D., Marks F. Epidermal G1-chalone and transforming growth factor-beta are two different endogenous inhibitors of epidermal cell proliferation. J Cell Physiol. 1990 Mar;142(3):496–504. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041420308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Rieger M., Franke W. W. Identification of an orthologous mammalian cytokeratin gene. High degree of intron sequence conservation during evolution of human cytokeratin 10. J Mol Biol. 1988 Dec 20;204(4):841–856. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90045-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Rieger M., Jorcano J. L., Franke W. W. Complete sequence of a bovine type I cytokeratin gene: conserved and variable intron positions in genes of polypeptides of the same cytokeratin subfamily. EMBO J. 1985 Sep;4(9):2261–2267. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03924.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Roop D. R., Huitfeldt H., Kilkenny A., Yuspa S. H. Regulated expression of differentiation-associated keratins in cultured epidermal cells detected by monospecific antibodies to unique peptides of mouse epidermal keratins. Differentiation. 1987;35(2):143–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00162.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Roop D. R., Lowy D. R., Tambourin P. E., Strickland J., Harper J. R., Balaschak M., Spangler E. F., Yuspa S. H. An activated Harvey ras oncogene produces benign tumours on mouse epidermal tissue. 1986 Oct 30-Nov 5Nature. 323(6091):822–824. doi: 10.1038/323822a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Rosenberg M., RayChaudhury A., Shows T. B., Le Beau M. M., Fuchs E. A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Feb;8(2):722–736. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.722. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Rothnagel J. A., Steinert P. M. The structure of the gene for mouse filaggrin and a comparison of the repeating units. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 5;265(4):1862–1865. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Sassoon D., Lyons G., Wright W. E., Lin V., Lassar A., Weintraub H., Buckingham M. Expression of two myogenic regulatory factors myogenin and MyoD1 during mouse embryogenesis. Nature. 1989 Sep 28;341(6240):303–307. doi: 10.1038/341303a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Schermer A., Jester J. V., Hardy C., Milano D., Sun T. T. Transient synthesis of K6 and K16 keratins in regenerating rabbit corneal epithelium: keratin markers for an alternative pathway of keratinocyte differentiation. Differentiation. 1989 Dec;42(2):103–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1989.tb00611.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Schäfer B. W., Blakely B. T., Darlington G. J., Blau H. M. Effect of cell history on response to helix-loop-helix family of myogenic regulators. Nature. 1990 Mar 29;344(6265):454–458. doi: 10.1038/344454a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Shipley G. D., Pittelkow M. R., Wille J. J., Jr, Scott R. E., Moses H. L. Reversible inhibition of normal human prokeratinocyte proliferation by type beta transforming growth factor-growth inhibitor in serum-free medium. Cancer Res. 1986 Apr;46(4 Pt 2):2068–2071. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Snape A. M., Jonas E. A., Sargent T. D. KTF-1, a transcriptional activator of Xenopus embryonic keratin expression. Development. 1990 May;109(1):157–165. doi: 10.1242/dev.109.1.157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Stoler A., Kopan R., Duvic M., Fuchs E. Use of monospecific antisera and cRNA probes to localize the major changes in keratin expression during normal and abnormal epidermal differentiation. J Cell Biol. 1988 Aug;107(2):427–446. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.2.427. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Swartzendruber D. C., Wertz P. W., Kitko D. J., Madison K. C., Downing D. T. Molecular models of the intercellular lipid lamellae in mammalian stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Feb;92(2):251–257. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276794. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Thompson N. L., Flanders K. C., Smith J. M., Ellingsworth L. R., Roberts A. B., Sporn M. B. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in specific cells and tissues of adult and neonatal mice. J Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;108(2):661–669. doi: 10.1083/jcb.108.2.661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Tyner A. L., Eichman M. J., Fuchs E. The sequence of a type II keratin gene expressed in human skin: conservation of structure among all intermediate filament genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(14):4683–4687. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.14.4683. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Van Obberghen-Schilling E., Roche N. S., Flanders K. C., Sporn M. B., Roberts A. B. Transforming growth factor beta 1 positively regulates its own expression in normal and transformed cells. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 5;263(16):7741–7746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Watt F. M., Mattey D. L., Garrod D. R. Calcium-induced reorganization of desmosomal components in cultured human keratinocytes. J Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;99(6):2211–2215. doi: 10.1083/jcb.99.6.2211. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Watt F. M. Selective migration of terminally differentiating cells from the basal layer of cultured human epidermis. J Cell Biol. 1984 Jan;98(1):16–21. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.1.16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Weiss R. A., Eichner R., Sun T. T. Monoclonal antibody analysis of keratin expression in epidermal diseases: a 48- and 56-kdalton keratin as molecular markers for hyperproliferative keratinocytes. J Cell Biol. 1984 Apr;98(4):1397–1406. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Wilson J. B., Weinberg W., Johnson R., Yuspa S., Levine A. J. Expression of the BNLF-1 oncogene of Epstein-Barr virus in the skin of transgenic mice induces hyperplasia and aberrant expression of keratin 6. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1315–1327. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90695-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Yamamoto T., Kamata N., Kawano H., Shimizu S., Kuroki T., Toyoshima K., Rikimaru K., Nomura N., Ishizaki R., Pastan I. High incidence of amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human squamous carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 1986 Jan;46(1):414–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Yuspa S. H., Harris C. C. Altered differentiation of mouse epidermal cells treated with retinyl acetate in vitro. Exp Cell Res. 1974 May;86(1):95–105. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90653-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Yuspa S. H., Kilkenny A. E., Steinert P. M., Roop D. R. Expression of murine epidermal differentiation markers is tightly regulated by restricted extracellular calcium concentrations in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;109(3):1207–1217. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.3.1207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES