Abstract
Purpose of this study was to assess the additional value of first pass myocardial perfusion imaging during peak dose of dobutamine stress Cardiac-MR (CMR). Dobutamine Stress CMR was performed in 115 patients with an inconclusive diagnosis of myocardial ischemia on a 1.5 T system (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Medical Systems). Three short-axis cine and grid series were acquired during rest and at increasing doses of dobutamine (maximum 40 μg/kg/min). On peak dose dobutamine followed immediately by a first pass myocardial perfusion imaging sequence. Images were graded according to the sixteen-segment model, on a four point scale. Ninety-seven patients showed no New (Induced) Wall Motion Abnormalities (NWMA). Perfusion imaging showed absence of perfusion deficits in 67 of these patients (69%). Perfusion deficits attributable to known previous myocardial infarction were found in 30 patients (31%). Eighteen patients had NWMA, indicative for myocardial ischemia, of which 14 (78%) could be confirmed by a corresponding perfusion deficit. Four patients (22%) with NWMA did not have perfusion deficits. In these four patients NWMA were caused by a Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB). They were free from cardiac events during the follow-up period (median 13.5 months; range 6–20). Addition of first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging during peak-dose dobutamine stress CMR can help to decide whether a NWMA is caused by myocardial ischemia or is due to an (inducible) LBBB, hereby preventing a false positive wall motion interpretation.
Keywords: Heart, Ischemia, MRI, Myocardium, Stress
Introduction
Dobutamine stress Cardiac MRI (CMR) is used to detect myocardial ischemia of the left ventricle by means of wall motion analysis during the infusion of high-dose dobutamine [1–4]. Previous studies have reported a broad range of sensitivity (83–91%) and specificity (80–86%) of dobutamine stress CMR for the detection of myocardial ischemia [1–3, 5]. It has been proven to be more accurate than dobutamine stress echocardiography [2]. The addition of myocardial tagging even further increased the sensitivity (96%) of dobutamine stress CMR [4]. False positive dobutamine stress CMR’s were described for left bundle branch block (LBBB) or an incidental low interpretability [4]. Means to overcome for these false-positive dobutamine stress CMR’s could increase specificity even further.
Assessment of myocardial perfusion is used to provide information on the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis. Segments with New Wall Motion Abnormalities (NWMA) detected with dobutamine stress CMR should also show perfusion deficits, since perfusion abnormalities precede wall motion abnormalities in the ischemic cascade [6].
Normal stress perfusion SPECT-results predict a less than 1% annual risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction, thereby yielding a high negative predictive value [7–10]. High negative predictive values are also reported for MR perfusion imaging combined with MRI cine-angiography (100%) in a small study of 15 patients [11].
The addition of a perfusion sequence on peak-dose dobutamine may further enhance the interpretation of dobutamine stress CMR, by ruling out false positive findings, through the combined strength of both methods.
The purpose of this study is to assess whether the addition of perfusion imaging to dobutamine stress CMR at peak-dose dobutamine reduces the number of false-positive dobutamine stress CMR examinations.
Materials and methods
Patient population
Between September 2004 and April 2006, 124 consecutive patients were referred from the department of Cardiology for a dobutamine stress CMR. The study was approved by the local ethical committee. Informed consent was obtained prior to the study, after the nature of the procedure had been explained. All patients had chest pain and an inconclusive diagnosis of coronary artery disease by means of history, ECG recordings at rest and, if performed, during a bicycle exercise test. Patients with an acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, severe arterial hypertension (>220/120), CMR-incompatible metallic implants or known claustrophobia were not eligible.
Protocol for dobutamine stress CMR with myocardial perfusion on peak-dose dobutamine
To ensure cardiac response to dobutamine, all anti-anginal medication was stopped 4 days before the dobutamine stress CMR examination. After the patient was positioned on the scanning table, intravenous access was established via an anticubital vein. ECG monitoring leads, a phased-array surface coil covering the heart, and a brachial blood pressure cuff were applied. A single lead ECG was continuously monitored on the MRI-console. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded using an automatic device (Welch-Allyn, Emro-medical) at baseline and every 3 min throughout the procedure. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. The imaging methodology of dobutamine stress CMR has been described in detail previously [4]. Dobutamine stress CMR was performed on a 1.5 T system (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany). Three short-axis cine breath-hold CMR images of the left ventricle, with and without myocardial tagging, were acquired at rest and during incremental dosage of dobutamine up to 40 μg/kg/min. An ECG-triggered segmental gradient-echo pulse sequence was used: TrueFisp: TR 57.64, ms; TE, 1.1 ms; α, 59°; FOV, 284 × 350 mm; slice-thickness 6 mm; and matrix 125 × 192; iPAT 2. Tagging was performed with a standard FLASH grid-sequence: TR, 46 ms; TE, 3.8 ms; α, 14°; FOV, 284 × 350 mm; slice-thickness 6 mm and matrix 141 × 256. The basal plane was taken 1.5 cm below the mitral valves. The midventricular and apical short-axis views were divided equally over the remaining part of the left ventricle. When a wall motion abnormality (WMA) was detected at baseline, infusion was started at 5 μg/kg/min, after which the dose of dobutamine was increased to 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg/kg/min. Starting dose of dobutamine was 10 μg/kg/min when no WMA was detected at baseline. Imaging started 6 min after each dose increase and required 3 min per dose increase.
Termination criteria for dobutamine stress CMR were the development of new wall motion abnormalities (NWMA) or worsening WMA, a fall of systolic blood pressure of more than 40 mmHg, marked hypertension above 240/120 mmHg, severe chest pain, ventricular arrhythmias and intolerable side effects. NWMA are indicative of myocardial ischemia.
On peak-dose dobutamine a bolus injection of 0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA (Omniscan®) was given and a perfusion sequence was started: TrueFisp: TR, 150.5 or 163.1 ms; TE 1.03 ms; TI 100/103 ms; α 45/50°; FOV 300 × 300; slice-thickness 6 mm; matrix 76 × 128; iPAT 2. The same three slices as the cine and tagging series were acquired.
During the examination a radiologist present in the MR suite to monitor the condition of the patient and to visually evaluate the images. When NWMA’s with a corresponding perfusion deficit were seen, a coronary angiography (CAG) was performed within 3 weeks. Patients with NWMA’s and a normal first pass perfusion on peak stress entered follow-up.
Image analysis
Wall motion was scored on six segments of the basal plane, six on the midventricular plane and four on the apical plane. Segmental wall motion was qualitatively graded as 1 = normal or hyperkinesis; 2 = hypokinesis; 3 = akinesis; and, 4 = dyskinesis. Myocardial ischemia was defined as a new (induced) or worsening WMA in at least two segments at consecutive planes of the left ventricle during infusion of dobutamine. Analysis was performed using both cine and tagging images as described in detail previously [4].
Wall Motion Score Index (WMSI) was derived as the mean score of all segments of all short-axis images. WMSI data from the combined analysis of the cine and tagging images were determined from baseline and peak stress images.
The first pass perfusion images on peak-dose dobutamine were visually analyzed by an experienced radiologist and cardiologist in a consensus reading after the wall motion analysis by the same physicians. A perfusion abnormality, corresponding to the coronary artery distribution areas, in at least two segments at consecutive short-axis slices or one segment of the most apical slice of the left ventricle was defined as myocardial ischemia.
Follow-up
Follow-up data were obtained in September 2006. The present status of the patient was determined by review of the hospital records or contacting the patient’s general physician. The date of the last review was used to calculate follow-up time.
Evaluated end points were non-fatal myocardial infarction (angina of >30 min duration and either 2 mm ST segment elevation in two consecutive ECG leads or a rise in creatine kinase level and its myoglobine fraction two times the upper limit of normal), cardiac death (death in the presence of acute myocardial infarction, significant cardiac arrhythmias or refractory congestive heart failure) and coronary revascularization.
Results
Patient population
From the 124 consecutively included patients, in nine patients the examination could not be completed due to: intolerable side effects (nausea, vomiting) in four patients, claustrophobia in three patients. Two patients were excluded due to insufficient image quality, one of whom had an irregular rhythm with triggering difficulties, and the other patient was unable to sustain breath holds.
Therefore, 115 patients all with good image quality were analysed (93%) with a mean age 61 ± 11 years, 20 women (30%). Demographic and hemodynamic data are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Demographic and hemodynamic data
| Variable | Mean or % |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 61 ± 11 |
| Female, % | 29.6 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, % | 38.0 |
| Revascularization, % | 31.0 |
| Rest wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), % | 40.9 |
| Body weight, kg | 78 ± 12 |
| Resting diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 87 ± 11 |
| Peak diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78 ± 12 |
| Resting systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 152 ± 26 |
| Peak systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 151 ± 31 |
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 79 ± 15 |
| Peak heart rate, bpm | 119 ± 21 |
| Rate-pressure producta at rest | 12,030 ± 3,545 |
| Rate-pressure product at peak stress | 17,935 ± 4,807 |
| Wall Motion Score Index (WMSI) at baseline | 1.18 ± 0,32 |
| Wall Motion Score Index (WMSI) at peak dose | 1.21 ± 0.34 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD or percentage
aRate-pressure product = (heart rate) × (systolic blood pressure)
RWMA = Rest Wall Motion Abnormality; WMSI = Wall Motion Score Index
Dobutamine stress CMR with myocardial perfusion on peak-dose dobutamine
Eighteen of the 115 patients (16%) had NWMA of whom 14 (78%) showed perfusion deficits on peak-dose dobutamine in the corresponding segments. Four patients (22%) with NWMA did not have a perfusion deficit. In these four patients, NWMA were attributable to a LBBB as could be confirmed with an independent (stress) ECG. Two of these were inducible LBBB, not known prior to the examination. CAG was positive for the corresponding segments in the 14 patients (100%) with NWMA and a corresponding perfusion deficit.
Ninety-seven patients (84%) had no NWMA. The perfusion images on peak-dose dobutamine showed absence of perfusion deficits in 67 of these 97 patients (69%) and perfusion deficts in 30 (31%). Of these patients 29 (97%) were attributable to a known previous myocardial infarction in the patients history combined with the presence of RWMA. One patient (3%) had a small perfusion deficit inferior which could not be assigned to a known previous event in the patients history. Figure 1 illustrates the course and outcome of the study. In Fig. 2 the additional value of cine or grid tagging images combined with stress first-pass perfusion images is illustrated.
Fig. 1.
Flow chart illustrating course of the study and outcome NWMA = New Wall Motion Abnormality; LBBB = Left Bundle Branch Block; CAG = Coronary Angiogram
Fig. 2.
Short axis views at peak-dose dobutamine. Cine image illustrating a NWMA inferior. (A) Perfusion abnormality in the corresponding segment. (B) Dyskinetic septal wall in another patient. (C) No perfusion abnormalities in the corresponding segment. (D) Dyskinetic septal wall in C was due to a LBBB, this differentiation could be made by a perfusion sequence on peak-dose dobutamine. Arrows indicate the wall motion abnormality or perfusion abnormality NWMA = New Wall Motion Abnormality; LBBB = Left Bundle Branch Block
Follow-up results (median 13.5 months, range 6–20 months) were obtained from all patients with NWMA’s and a normal first-pass perfusion. None of these patients had cardiac events or revascularizations at follow-up.
Discussion
This study demonstrates that adding first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging during peak-dose dobutamine has direct clinical relevance for the interpretation of dobutamine stress CMR examinations, by increasing the interpretation of possible wall motion abnormalities (NWMA) of the left ventricle. The addition of first pass perfusion relies on the conceptual use of the ischemic cascade. Ischemic wall motion abnormalities are preceded by perfusion abnormalities, therefore visualized NWMA due to myocardial ischemia should also show perfusion abnormalities. A normal perfusion study is used to identify wall motion abnormalities not due to myocardial ischemia, and an abnormal corresponding perfusion deficit is used to confirm NWMA, indicative for myocardial ischemia.
This is the first study to assess the additional value of a first pass myocardial perfusion imaging sequence on peak-dose dobutamine during a dobutamine stress CMR. Previous studies have reported a broad range of sensitivity and specificity for dobutamine stress CMR in the detection of myocardial ischemia [4]. In this protocol we have chosen for a prolonged infusion time of dobutamine from 3 to 6 min without atropine and the use of the target heart rate rule, as described before [4, 12–17].
The use of the target heart rate rule from a physical exercise based concept can not be generalized to a pharmacological stress setting and has been questioned in several reports [12–14, 18]. It has also been shown that the target heart rate rule can not be extrapolated to a pharmacological stress examination [19]. In a recent overview of published dobutamine stress CMR examinations by Strach et al. [20], the approach we used [4] showed to provide the highest diagnostic accuracy for significant coronary artery disease defined by a >50% luminal stenosis on a coronary angiogram. Specificity, although already high, was lowered, according to our opinion, in part due to LBBB. This could be overcome with a perfusion sequence, taking into account the high negative predictive value of normal myocardial perfusion imaging. The additional value of myocardial perfusion MRI could be used for this purpose and may add significant diagnostic information.
In this study we added a perfusion sequence on peak-dose dobutamine in all patients. The results show a good agreement between the absence of NWMA and myocardial perfusion. The main purpose of this study was to assess the additional value of first-pass perfusion imaging in the presence of NWMA. Our recommendation for future clinical use is to add a first pass perfusion sequence on indication, namely if there is doubt on whether a NWMA is due to myocardial ischemia. In this way, the specificity of dobutamine stress CMR can be even further increased. By combining dobutamine stress CMR with myocardial perfusion, one still has the opportunity to examine for viability, which seems even superior to scar quantification [21].
Absolute specificity values cannot be given with this study, because a CAG was not performed in case of a negative dobutamine stress examination. The outcome of the dobutamine stress CMR and myocardial perfusion on peak-dose dobutamine was used as a direct arbiter for subsequent clinical follow-up. In this respect follow-up was considered the reference standard. None of the patients with NWMA’s and a normal myocardial perfusion had an adverse outcome at follow-up. Therefore, it is reasonable to state that adding first pass myocardial perfusion imaging on peak-dose dobutamine increases the specificity of dobutamine stress CMR in this patient group.
Our data could have been influenced by a referral bias, but in light of previous results, we found it not justifiable to perform a CAG in case of a negative examination [12]. Furthermore, the high negative predictive value of dobutamine stress CMR examination without perfusion imaging has been proven before [12, 22]. Mahrholdt et al. [23]. examined 139 patients with a LBBB. All 139 patients had fixed perfusion defects with SPECT, 19 could not be confirmed with CAG. Rest wall motion analysis and myocardial perfusion (between 5 and 30 min after contrast administration) was performed on these 19 patients using MRI. All 19 patients showed septal wall motion abnormalities, but none showed subendocardial or transmural contrast enhancement. This also indicates that contrast enhanced imaging can help differentiate between WMA on the basis of coronary artery disease or a LBBB.
Long term follow-up will provide information about the case in which a small perfusion abnormality was seen inferior without NWMA. Whether this abnormality is a “true” abnormality or an artefact is unclear. This patient did not have any adverse cardiac event at 14 months follow-up.
Another limitation of our study is the fact that images were analysed semi-quantitatively. Quantitative wall motion analysis could possibly provide additional information, but due to the time-consuming nature this is not yet feasible in clinical practice. Furthermore, no decisions can be made during the examination, which we believe is crucial, since overstressing may lead to serious complications [13].
Visual analysis of wall motion and perfusion images was performed in a consensus reading by an experienced radiologist and cardiologist. This can be regarded as a limitation since the observers are not blinded for the previous wall motion images. However, this does represent routine clinical practice and is fundamental to the underlying concept of using first-pass perfusion imaging in the presence of NWMA. In recent studies the inter-observer agreement of dobutamine stress CMR was investigated and good agreement was found [24, 25].
In a clinical post-infarct setting, delayed contrast enhancement imaging may provide valuable diagnostic information. To our opinion, this would in our study not have provided additional information regarding the fact whether a NWMA was caused by myocardial ischemia or a non-ischemic cause, and guide the necessity for an invasive coronary angiogram. Cine and grid tagging images were acquired at rest to look for rest wall motion abnormalities. New wall motion abnormalities in this setting would represent myocardial ischemia (whether or not in the presence of a previous myocardial infarction). Delayed contrast enhancement imaging was therefore not performed in this protocol.
In this protocol we only acquired stress first-pass perfusion images. Perfusion imaging at rest may be very useful in stress-rest perfusion imaging studies, but the main focus in this protocol is on a normal perfusion in case of NWMA. A rest perfusion exam would in this context not provide additional information (the rest perfusion exam will also be normal). In this way the protocol is not unnecessarily prolonged and a second bolus injection of gadolinium-DTPA can be omitted.
Conclusion
Good agreement exists between the absence of NWMA and a normal myocardial perfusion. Furthermore, a perfusion sequence on peak-dose dobutamine can help decide whether a NWMA is caused by ischemia or is due to a LBBB. First pass myocardial perfusion during peak-dose dobutamine can be used as an additional tool to reduce the number of false-positive NWMA’s, to improve the detection of myocardial ischemia.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Stella Noach for critically reviewing the paper. Hester van der Zaag-Loonen for statistical advice and Bernadette Blom for image acquisition.
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