Abstract
The colour-change and lead acetate tests for fermentation of d-, l- and m-tartaric acids and citric acid used in the Kristensen scheme for biotyping Salmonella typhimurium were found to be unreliable because, whatever the conditions of culture, they gave different results in replicate tests of the same strains. Many genotypically non-fermenting strains gave inconsistent reactions due to the emergence of fermenting mutant bacilli in some of their test cultures. No reliable test was found for the fermentation of citric acid.
A `turbidity' test was found to give consistent and reliable results with the three tartaric acid isomers. It demonstrated fermentation by the significantly greater amount of growth obtained in a 24 hr. culture in Oxoid peptone water with added isomer than in a control culture without isomer. Lewis & Stocker's (1971) plateinhibition test for fermentation of m-tartrate, which identifies m-tartrate-negative strains because m-tartrate inhibits their growth on citrate- or glycerol-containing minimal medium, was found to be as reliable as, and easier to read than, the turbidity test.
Use of the turbidity test for d- and l-tartrates and the plate-inhibition test for m-tartrate in biotyping 1435 strains of S. typhimurium showed that many strains had previously been mistyped by the lead acetate test and distinguished 16 new biotypes in addition to the 22 biotypes already recognized.
Full text
PDF![651](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/5dda95204df1/jhyg00086-0055.png)
![652](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/92b0af51f476/jhyg00086-0056.png)
![653](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/1f8ebc94f528/jhyg00086-0057.png)
![654](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/cfdf054bef30/jhyg00086-0058.png)
![655](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/33e3a8785755/jhyg00086-0059.png)
![656](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/198065f3827f/jhyg00086-0060.png)
![657](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/6e94a80f08b1/jhyg00086-0061.png)
![658](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/7d467336709d/jhyg00086-0062.png)
![659](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/7c028fa5a46e/jhyg00086-0063.png)
![660](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/c08aea024f39/jhyg00086-0064.png)
![661](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/1d10647ee716/jhyg00086-0065.png)
![662](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/647fce149034/jhyg00086-0066.png)
![663](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/391a5ee25db2/jhyg00086-0067.png)
![664](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/9bd4fb85b802/jhyg00086-0068.png)
![665](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/c911bbca430e/jhyg00086-0069.png)
![666](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/81b6c8bb6f8b/jhyg00086-0070.png)
![666-1](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93ad/2130282/49fd5a03eb4e/jhyg00086-0071.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- CALLOW B. R. A new phage-typing scheme for Salmonella typhi-murium. J Hyg (Lond) 1959 Sep;57:346–359. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400020209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DAVIS B. D., MINGIOLI E. S. Mutants of Escherichia coli requiring methionine or vitamin B12. J Bacteriol. 1950 Jul;60(1):17–28. doi: 10.1128/jb.60.1.17-28.1950. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duguid J. P., Anderson E. S., Campbell I. Fimbriae and adhesive properties in Salmonellae. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966 Jul;92(1):107–138. doi: 10.1002/path.1700920113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FELIX A., CALLOW B. R. Paratyphoid- B Vi-phage typing. Lancet. 1951 Jul 7;2(6671):10–14. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)93451-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KALLINGS L. O., LAURELL A. B. Relation between phage types and fermentation types of Salmonella typhi murium. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1957;40(4):328–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KALLINGS L. O., LAURELL A. B., ZETTERBERG B. An outbreak due to Salmonella typhi murium in veal with special reference to phage and fermentation typing. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1959;45(4):347–356. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb04720.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lewis M. J., Stocker B. A. A biochemical subdivision of one phage type of Salmonella typhimurium. J Hyg (Lond) 1971 Dec;69(4):683–691. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400021951. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morgenroth A., Duguid J. P. Demonstration of different mutational sites controlling rhamnose fermentation in FIRN and non-FIRN rha-strains of Salmonella typhimurium: an essay in bacterial archaeology. Genet Res. 1968 Apr;11(2):151–169. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300011320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]