Abstract
A limited assessment of immunity to diphtheria revealed that only 44.8% of adults had protective levels (greater than 0.01 U/ml) of diphtheria antitoxin in their sera. In the light of this information, it was decided to assess the suitability of Adult-type Tetanus-Diphtheria Vaccine as a replacement for Adsorbed Tetanus Vaccine in occupational health schemes. A comparative study of these vaccines showed that a single dose of each produced an equivalent rate and level of tetanus antitoxin responses. Adult-type Td Vaccine elicited more than fourfold increases of diphtheria antitoxin in 76% of vaccinees. No statistically significant differences were observed in the clinical reactivity of the vaccines under test. However, the combined vaccine caused a slightly higher incidence of local reactions (pain, redness and swelling) while recipients of Adsorbed Tetanus Vaccine more frequently experienced pain.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Collier L. H., Polakoff S., Mortimer J. Reactions and antibody responses to reinforcing doses of adsorbed and plain tetanus vaccines. Lancet. 1979 Jun 30;1(8131):1364–1368. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92006-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- David D., Zehntner B. Tetanusimpfung: Nebenwirkungen bei verschiedenen Impflokalisationen und Modus. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1971 Jul 24;101(29):1055–1056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- EDSALL G., ALTMAN J. S., GASPAR A. J. Combined tetanus-diphtheria immunization of adults: use of small doses of diphtheria toxoid. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1954 Dec;44(12):1537–1545. doi: 10.2105/ajph.44.12.1537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HOLT L. B., BOUSFIELD G. P. T. A. P.; the present position. Br Med J. 1949 Apr 23;1(4607):695–699. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4607.695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- IPSEN J., Jr Immunization of adults against diphtheria and tetanus. N Engl J Med. 1954 Sep 16;251(12):459–466. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195409162511202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCloskey R. V. Diphtheria antitoxin titers in hospital workers after a single dose of adult type diphtheria tetanus toxoid. Am J Med Sci. 1969 Sep;258(3):209–213. doi: 10.1097/00000441-196909000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- PAPPENHEIMER A. M., Jr, EDSALL G., LAWRENCE H. S., BANTON H. J. A study of reactions following administration of crude and purified diphtheria toxoid in an adult population. Am J Hyg. 1950 Nov;52(3):357–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruben F. L., Nagel J., Fireman P. Antitoxin responses in the elderly to tetanus-diphtheria (TD) immunization. Am J Epidemiol. 1978 Aug;108(2):145–149. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scheibel I., Bentzon M. W., Christensen P. E., Biering A. Duration of immunity to diphtheria and tetanus after active immunization. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1966;67(3):380–392. doi: 10.1111/apm.1966.67.3.380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sheffield F. W., Ironside A. G., Abbott J. D. Immunisation of adults against diphtheria. Br Med J. 1978 Jul 22;2(6132):249–250. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6132.249-a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White W. G., Barnes G. M., Barker E., Gall D., Knight P., Griffith A. H., Morris-Owen R. M., Smith J. W. Reactions to tetanus toxoid. J Hyg (Lond) 1973 Jun;71(2):283–297. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400022750. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White W. G. Reactions after plain and adsorbed tetanus vaccines. Lancet. 1980 Jan 5;1(8158):42–42. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)90576-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]