Abstract
It has been confirmed that 11- and 13-day-old chick embryos are susceptible to lethal infection with minute inocula of V. cholerae, while 15-day-old embryos are relatively resistant. Twenty strains of E. coli were found to vary in their capacity to kill chick embryos, without relationship to their human enteropathogenicity. Prior infection of 13-day-old embryonated eggs with E. coli strains selected for low embryo virulence had a marked protective effect against superinfection with V. cholerae. This effect was duplicated by pretreatment of embryos with killed E. coli cells or endotoxin preparations but not with a suspension of killed cells of a Gram-positive species. Preparatory E. coli infection induces a phase of vibriostasis in the 13-day-old egg which may be sufficient to tide the embryo over into the phase of relative insusceptibility associated with age. Younger embryos exhibit only a lag in death under similar conditions. The chick embryo is presented as a potentially valuable tool for the study of combined infections and of the mechanisms of natural resistance.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (715.0 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- BOHNHOFF M., DRAKE B. L., MILLER C. P. Effect of streptomycin on susceptibility of intestinal tract to experimental Salmonella infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954 May;86(1):132–137. doi: 10.3181/00379727-86-21030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BUDDINGH G. J. Bacterial and mycotic infections of the chick embryo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1952 Aug 8;55(2):282–287. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1952.tb26544.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BURROWS W. Endotoxins. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1951;5:181–196. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.05.100151.001145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bang F. B. SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE SUIS AND THE SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS ON THE CHICK EMBRYO. J Exp Med. 1943 Jan 1;77(1):7–20. doi: 10.1084/jem.77.1.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- COX H. R. Growth of viruses and rickettsiae in the developing chick embryo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1952 Aug 8;55(2):236–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1952.tb26539.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DUBOS R. J., SCHAEDLER R. W. Reversible changes in the susceptibility of mice to bacterial infections. I. Changes brought about by injection of pertussis vaccine or of bacterial endotoxins. J Exp Med. 1956 Jul 1;104(1):53–65. doi: 10.1084/jem.104.1.53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FELSENFELD O., WATANABE Y. An alkaline tellurite lauryl sulfate-salt plate for the isolation of Vibrio comma. U S Armed Forces Med J. 1958 Jul;9(7):975–982. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FREDERICQ P. Colicins. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1957;11:7–22. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.11.100157.000255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FRETER R. Coproantibody and bacterial antagonism as protective factors in experimental enteric cholera. J Exp Med. 1956 Sep 1;104(3):419–426. doi: 10.1084/jem.104.3.419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FRETER R. Experimental enteric Shigella and Vibrio infections in mice and guinea pigs. J Exp Med. 1956 Sep 1;104(3):411–418. doi: 10.1084/jem.104.3.411. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FRETER R. The fatal enteric cholera infection in the guinea pig, achieved by inhibition of normal enteric flora. J Infect Dis. 1955 Jul-Aug;97(1):57–65. doi: 10.1093/infdis/97.1.57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GREEN H., LORINCZ A. L. The role of a natural antibody in the rejection of mouse tumor cells by the chick embryo. J Exp Med. 1957 Jul 1;106(1):111–126. doi: 10.1084/jem.106.1.111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- NOYES H. E., PULASKI E. J., BALCH H. H. The detection of bacterial endotoxins in the plasma of dogs with experimental peritonitis. Ann Surg. 1956 Jul;144(1):51–56. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195607000-00008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SMITH R. T., THOMAS L. The lethal effect of endotoxins on the chick embryo. J Exp Med. 1956 Aug 1;104(2):217–231. doi: 10.1084/jem.104.2.217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilson A. T. EXPERIMENTAL VIBRIO INFECTIONS OF DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS. J Exp Med. 1946 Sep 30;84(4):293–304. doi: 10.1084/jem.84.4.293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]