Abstract
Primary cell cultures of differentiated chondrocytes were shown to produce chondroitin-4-sulfate as the predominant mucopolysaccharide, with suggestive evidence for the synthesis of keratan sulfate and possibly chondroitin-6-sulfate. Chicken embryonic cartilage was shown to be composed mainly of chondroitin-4-sulfate, with a small amount of chondroitin-6-sulfate, but essentially no keratan sulfate. These findings were compared to the data of others, and a hypothesis explaining the aging process in cartilage in terms of cellular differentiation was presented.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (583.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- ABERCROMBIE M., AMBROSE E. J. The surface properties of cancer cells: a review. Cancer Res. 1962 Jun;22:525–548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Abbott J., Holtzer H. The loss of phenotypic traits by differentiated cells, V. The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on cloned chondrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Apr;59(4):1144–1151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.59.4.1144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Abbott J., Holtzer H. The loss of phenotypic traits by differentiated cells. 3. The reversible behavior of chondrocytes in primary cultures. J Cell Biol. 1966 Mar;28(3):473–487. doi: 10.1083/jcb.28.3.473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BERENSON G. S., LUMPKIN W. M., SHIPP V. G. Study of the time-course production of acid mucopolysaccharides by fibroblasts in a synthetic medium. Anat Rec. 1958 Dec;132(4):585–596. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091320407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTOR C. W. Production of mucopolysaccharides by synovial cells in a simplified tissue culture medium. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1957 Jan;94(1):51–56. doi: 10.3181/00379727-94-22853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coon H. G., Cahn R. D. Differentiation in vitro: effects of Sephadex fractions of chick embryo extract. Science. 1966 Sep 2;153(3740):1116–1119. doi: 10.1126/science.153.3740.1116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coon H. G. Clonal stability and phenotypic expression of chick cartilage cells in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Jan;55(1):66–73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.55.1.66. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DAVIDSON E., HOFFMAN P., LINKER A., MEYER K. The acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956 Sep;21(3):506–518. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90188-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DULBECCO R., VOGT M. Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses. J Exp Med. 1954 Feb;99(2):167–182. doi: 10.1084/jem.99.2.167. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FARBER S. J., SCHUBERT M., SCHUSTER N. The binding of cations by chondroitin sulfate. J Clin Invest. 1957 Dec;36(12):1715–1722. doi: 10.1172/JCI103573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GLICK M. C., STOCKDALE F. E. DIFFERENCES IN GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS DERIVED FROM CHICK EMBRYO CHONDROCYTES GROWN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964 Mar 2;83:61–68. doi: 10.1016/0926-6526(64)90051-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GREEN H., HEMERMAN D. PRODUCTION OF HYALURONATE AND COLLAGEN BY FIBROBLAST CLONES IN CULTURE. Nature. 1964 Feb 15;201:710–710. doi: 10.1038/201710a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GROSSFELD H., MEYER K., GODMAN G. Differentiation of fibroblasts in tissue culture, as determined by mucopolysaccharide production. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1955 Jan;88(1):31–35. doi: 10.3181/00379727-88-21484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GROSSFELD H., MEYER K., GODMAN G., LINKER A. Mucopolysaccharides produced in tissue culture. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1957 May 25;3(3):391–396. doi: 10.1083/jcb.3.3.391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GROSSFELD H. Production of chondroitin sulfate in tissue culture of cartilage. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1963 Jul 16;74:193–197. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(63)91358-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GROSSFELD H. Production of hyaluronic acid in tissue culture of Rous sarcoma. Nature. 1962 Nov 24;196:782–783. doi: 10.1038/196782b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HOFFMAN P., LINKER A., MEYER K. The acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue. III. the sulfate linkage. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1958 Oct;30(1):184–185. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90256-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HOLTZER H. CONTROL OF CHONDROGENESIS IN THE EMBRYO. Biophys J. 1964 Jan;4:SUPPL239–SUPPL255. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(64)86941-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman P., Mashburn T. A., Jr, Meyer K., Bray B. A. Proteinpolysaccharide of bovine cartilage. I. Extraction and electrophoretic studies. J Biol Chem. 1967 Sep 10;242(17):3799–3804. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holtzer H., Abbott J., Lash J., Holtzer S. THE LOSS OF PHENOTYPIC TRAITS BY DIFFERENTIATED CELLS IN VITRO, I. DEDIFFERENTIATION OF CARTILAGE CELLS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1960 Dec;46(12):1533–1542. doi: 10.1073/pnas.46.12.1533. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KAPLAN D., MEYER K. Ageing of human cartilage. Nature. 1959 May 2;183(4670):1267–1268. doi: 10.1038/1831267a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LLOYD A. G., DODGSON K. S. Infra-red spectra of carbohydrate sulphate esters. Nature. 1959 Aug 15;184(Suppl 8):548–549. doi: 10.1038/184548a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MATHEWS M. B. Isomeric chondroitin sulphates. Nature. 1958 Feb 8;181(4606):421–422. doi: 10.1038/181421a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MEYER K., HOFFMAN P., LINKER A. Mucopolysaccharides of costal cartilage. Science. 1958 Oct 17;128(3329):896–896. doi: 10.1126/science.128.3329.896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MEYER K., LINKER A., DAVIDSON E. A., WEISSMANN B. The mucopolysaccharides of bovine cornea. J Biol Chem. 1953 Dec;205(2):611–616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MORRIS C. C. Quantitative studies on the production of acid mucopolysaccharides by replicate cell cultures of rat fibroblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1960 Jun 30;86:878–915. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42848.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mathews M. B., Glagov S. Acid mucopolysaccharide patterns in aging human cartilage. J Clin Invest. 1966 Jul;45(7):1103–1111. doi: 10.1172/JCI105416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nameroff M., Holtzer H. The loss of phenotypic traits by differentiated cells. IV. Changes in polysaccharides produced by dividing chondrocytes. Dev Biol. 1967 Sep;16(3):250–281. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(67)90026-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ORR S. F. Infra-red spectroscopic studies of some polysaccharides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1954 Jun;14(2):173–181. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(54)90156-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SCHMIDT M. Fractionation of acid mucopolysaccharides on DEAE-Sephadex anion exchanger. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1962 Sep 24;63:346–348. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90692-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SEIFTER S., DAYTON S. The estimation of glycogen with the anthrone reagent. Arch Biochem. 1950 Jan;25(1):191–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saito H., Yamagata T., Suzuki S. Enzymatic methods for the determination of small quantities of isomeric chondroitin sulfates. J Biol Chem. 1968 Apr 10;243(7):1536–1542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vaubel E. THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURES : II. THE PRODUCTION OF MUCIN. J Exp Med. 1933 Jun 30;58(1):85–95. doi: 10.1084/jem.58.1.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]