Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Protein Science : A Publication of the Protein Society logoLink to Protein Science : A Publication of the Protein Society
. 1994 Jun;3(6):888–897. doi: 10.1002/pro.5560030604

Folding of the multidomain human immunodeficiency virus type-I integrase.

D P Grandgenett 1, G Goodarzi 1
PMCID: PMC2142885  PMID: 8069220

Abstract

Protein folding conditions were established for human immunodeficiency virus integrase (IN) obtained from purified bacterial inclusion bodies. IN was denatured by 6 M guanidine.HCl-5 mM dithiothreitol, purified by gel filtration, and precipitated by ammonium sulfate. The reversible solvation of precipitated IN by 6 M guanidine.HCl allowed for wide variation of protein concentration in the folding reaction. A 6-fold dilution of denatured IN by 1 M NaCl buffer followed by dialysis produced enzymatically active IN capable of 3' OH end processing, strand transfer, and disintegration using various human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat DNA substrates. The specific activities of folded IN preparations for these enzymatic reactions were comparable to those of soluble IN purified directly from bacteria. The subunit composition and enzymatic activities of IN were affected by the folding conditions. Standard folding conditions were defined in which monomers and protein aggregates sedimenting as dimers and tetramers wree produced. These protein aggregates were enzymatically active, whereas monomers had reduced strand transfer activity. Temperature modifications of the folding conditions permitted formation of mainly monomers. Upon assaying, these monomers were efficient for strand transfer and disintegration, but the oligomeric state of IN under the conditions of the assay is determinate. Our results suggest that monomers of the multidomain HIV-1 IN are folded correctly for various catalytic activities, but the conditions for specific oligomerization in the absence of catalytic activity are undefined.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (3.6 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Baker D., Sohl J. L., Agard D. A. A protein-folding reaction under kinetic control. Nature. 1992 Mar 19;356(6366):263–265. doi: 10.1038/356263a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Burke C. J., Sanyal G., Bruner M. W., Ryan J. A., LaFemina R. L., Robbins H. L., Zeft A. S., Middaugh C. R., Cordingley M. G. Structural implications of spectroscopic characterization of a putative zinc finger peptide from HIV-1 integrase. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 15;267(14):9639–9644. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bushman F. D., Craigie R. Activities of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integration protein in vitro: specific cleavage and integration of HIV DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1339–1343. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bushman F. D., Fujiwara T., Craigie R. Retroviral DNA integration directed by HIV integration protein in vitro. Science. 1990 Sep 28;249(4976):1555–1558. doi: 10.1126/science.2171144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chow S. A., Vincent K. A., Ellison V., Brown P. O. Reversal of integration and DNA splicing mediated by integrase of human immunodeficiency virus. Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):723–726. doi: 10.1126/science.1738845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Engelman A., Bushman F. D., Craigie R. Identification of discrete functional domains of HIV-1 integrase and their organization within an active multimeric complex. EMBO J. 1993 Aug;12(8):3269–3275. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05996.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Engelman A., Craigie R. Identification of conserved amino acid residues critical for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase function in vitro. J Virol. 1992 Nov;66(11):6361–6369. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.11.6361-6369.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Farnet C. M., Haseltine W. A. Integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jun;87(11):4164–4168. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fitzgerald M. L., Vora A. C., Zeh W. G., Grandgenett D. P. Concerted integration of viral DNA termini by purified avian myeloblastosis virus integrase. J Virol. 1992 Nov;66(11):6257–6263. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.11.6257-6263.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gill S. C., von Hippel P. H. Calculation of protein extinction coefficients from amino acid sequence data. Anal Biochem. 1989 Nov 1;182(2):319–326. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90602-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Grandgenett D. P., Knaus R. J., Hippenmeyer P. J. Antibodies against a synthetic peptide of the avian retrovirus pp32 protein and the beta DNA polymerase subunit. Virology. 1983 Oct 15;130(1):257–262. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90137-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Katz R. A., Merkel G., Kulkosky J., Leis J., Skalka A. M. The avian retroviral IN protein is both necessary and sufficient for integrative recombination in vitro. Cell. 1990 Oct 5;63(1):87–95. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90290-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kulkosky J., Jones K. S., Katz R. A., Mack J. P., Skalka A. M. Residues critical for retroviral integrative recombination in a region that is highly conserved among retroviral/retrotransposon integrases and bacterial insertion sequence transposases. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 May;12(5):2331–2338. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.5.2331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Lewis P., Hensel M., Emerman M. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of cells arrested in the cell cycle. EMBO J. 1992 Aug;11(8):3053–3058. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05376.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lin K. H., Fukuda T., Cheng S. Y. Hormone and DNA binding activity of a purified human thyroid hormone nuclear receptor expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 25;265(9):5161–5165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lin T. H., Grandgenett D. P. Retrovirus integrase: identification of a potential leucine zipper motif. Protein Eng. 1991 Apr;4(4):435–441. doi: 10.1093/protein/4.4.435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lin T. H., Quinn T., Walsh M., Grandgenett D., Lee J. C. Avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. Effect of glycerol on its hydrodynamic properties. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 25;266(3):1635–1640. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Mizuuchi K. Polynucleotidyl transfer reactions in transpositional DNA recombination. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25;267(30):21273–21276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mumm S. R., Grandgenett D. P. Defining nucleic acid-binding properties of avian retrovirus integrase by deletion analysis. J Virol. 1991 Mar;65(3):1160–1167. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.3.1160-1167.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ratner L., Haseltine W., Patarca R., Livak K. J., Starcich B., Josephs S. F., Doran E. R., Rafalski J. A., Whitehorn E. A., Baumeister K. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature. 1985 Jan 24;313(6000):277–284. doi: 10.1038/313277a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Sherman P. A., Fyfe J. A. Human immunodeficiency virus integration protein expressed in Escherichia coli possesses selective DNA cleaving activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jul;87(13):5119–5123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.13.5119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Vincent K. A., Ellison V., Chow S. A., Brown P. O. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase expressed in Escherichia coli and analysis of variants with amino-terminal mutations. J Virol. 1993 Jan;67(1):425–437. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.425-437.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Vink C., Oude Groeneger A. M., Plasterk R. H. Identification of the catalytic and DNA-binding region of the human immunodeficiency virus type I integrase protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Mar 25;21(6):1419–1425. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.6.1419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Vink C., Yeheskiely E., van der Marel G. A., van Boom J. H., Plasterk R. H. Site-specific hydrolysis and alcoholysis of human immunodeficiency virus DNA termini mediated by the viral integrase protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Dec 25;19(24):6691–6698. doi: 10.1093/nar/19.24.6691. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Vink C., van Gent D. C., Elgersma Y., Plasterk R. H. Human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein requires a subterminal position of its viral DNA recognition sequence for efficient cleavage. J Virol. 1991 Sep;65(9):4636–4644. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.9.4636-4644.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Woerner A. M., Klutch M., Levin J. G., Marcus-Sekura C. J. Localization of DNA binding activity of HIV-1 integrase to the C-terminal half of the protein. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992 Feb;8(2):297–304. doi: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. van Gent D. C., Elgersma Y., Bolk M. W., Vink C., Plasterk R. H. DNA binding properties of the integrase proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Jul 25;19(14):3821–3827. doi: 10.1093/nar/19.14.3821. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. van Gent D. C., Oude Groeneger A. A., Plasterk R. H. Identification of amino acids in HIV-2 integrase involved in site-specific hydrolysis and alcoholysis of viral DNA termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Jul 25;21(15):3373–3377. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.15.3373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. van Gent D. C., Vink C., Groeneger A. A., Plasterk R. H. Complementation between HIV integrase proteins mutated in different domains. EMBO J. 1993 Aug;12(8):3261–3267. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05995.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Protein Science : A Publication of the Protein Society are provided here courtesy of The Protein Society

RESOURCES