Abstract
The uniporter/symporter/antiporter superfamily is an evolutionarily related group of solute transporters. For the entire superfamily, we have used a new predictive program to identify the transmembrane domains. These transmembrane domains were then analyzed with regard to their overall hydrophobicity and amphipathicity. In addition, the lengths of the hydrophilic loops connecting the transmembrane domains were calculated. These data, together with structural information in the literature, were collectively used to produce a general model for the three-dimensional arrangement of the transmembrane domains.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.0 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Collins J. C., Permuth S. F., Brooker R. J. Isolation and characterization of lactose permease mutants with an enhanced recognition of maltose and diminished recognition of cellobiose. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 5;264(25):14698–14703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deisenhofer J., Michel H. Nobel lecture. The photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. EMBO J. 1989 Aug;8(8):2149–2170. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08338.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franco P. J., Eelkema J. A., Brooker R. J. Isolation and characterization of thiodigalactoside-resistant mutants of the lactose permease which possess an enhanced recognition for maltose. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 25;264(27):15988–15992. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Griffith J. K., Baker M. E., Rouch D. A., Page M. G., Skurray R. A., Paulsen I. T., Chater K. F., Baldwin S. A., Henderson P. J. Membrane transport proteins: implications of sequence comparisons. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1992 Aug;4(4):684–695. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(92)90090-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Henderson P. J. Proton-linked sugar transport systems in bacteria. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1990 Aug;22(4):525–569. doi: 10.1007/BF00762961. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones D. T., Taylor W. R., Thornton J. M. A model recognition approach to the prediction of all-helical membrane protein structure and topology. Biochemistry. 1994 Mar 15;33(10):3038–3049. doi: 10.1021/bi00176a037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jung K., Jung H., Wu J., Privé G. G., Kaback H. R. Use of site-directed fluorescence labeling to study proximity relationships in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 1993 Nov 23;32(46):12273–12278. doi: 10.1021/bi00097a001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- King S. C., Hansen C. L., Wilson T. H. The interaction between aspartic acid 237 and lysine 358 in the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Feb 25;1062(2):177–186. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90390-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kyte J., Doolittle R. F. A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol. 1982 May 5;157(1):105–132. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee J. I., Hwang P. P., Wilson T. H. Lysine 319 interacts with both glutamic acid 269 and aspartic acid 240 in the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 25;268(27):20007–20015. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maiden M. C., Davis E. O., Baldwin S. A., Moore D. C., Henderson P. J. Mammalian and bacterial sugar transport proteins are homologous. Nature. 1987 Feb 12;325(6105):641–643. doi: 10.1038/325641a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marger M. D., Saier M. H., Jr A major superfamily of transmembrane facilitators that catalyse uniport, symport and antiport. Trends Biochem Sci. 1993 Jan;18(1):13–20. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(93)90081-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Markgraf M., Bocklage H., Müller-Hill B. A change of threonine 266 to isoleucine in the lac permease of Escherichia coli diminishes the transport of lactose and increases the transport of maltose. Mol Gen Genet. 1985;198(3):473–475. doi: 10.1007/BF00332941. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wright J. K., Weigel U., Lustig A., Bocklage H., Mieschendahl M., Müller-Hill B., Overath P. Does the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli function as a monomer? FEBS Lett. 1983 Oct 3;162(1):11–15. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)81039-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yan R. T., Maloney P. C. Identification of a residue in the translocation pathway of a membrane carrier. Cell. 1993 Oct 8;75(1):37–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]