Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Canadian Family Physician logoLink to Canadian Family Physician
. 1992 Nov;38:2656-2658, 2661-2662, 2665-2666.

Hepatitis B Infection in Canada

Epidemiology and implications for control

Gilles Delage, Anne O Carter
PMCID: PMC2145899  PMID: 21221353

Abstract

A review of Canadian surveillance data for the past decade indicates that the incidence of reported hepatitis B cases has increased despite the availability of safe and effective vaccine. Sexual transmission (particularly heterosexual transmission) is the major route of virus spread in North America. Because of this fact, and because immunization of selected high-risk groups has failed to control disease, universal immunization is the strategy of choice

Full text

PDF
2656

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alexander G. J. Immunology of hepatitis B virus infection. Br Med Bull. 1990 Apr;46(2):354–367. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alter M. J., Ahtone J., Weisfuse I., Starko K., Vacalis T. D., Maynard J. E. Hepatitis B virus transmission between heterosexuals. JAMA. 1986 Sep 12;256(10):1307–1310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alter M. J., Coleman P. J., Alexander W. J., Kramer E., Miller J. K., Mandel E., Hadler S. C., Margolis H. S. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA. 1989 Sep 1;262(9):1201–1205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alter M. J., Hadler S. C., Margolis H. S., Alexander W. J., Hu P. Y., Judson F. N., Mares A., Miller J. K., Moyer L. A. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. Need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA. 1990 Mar 2;263(9):1218–1222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alter M. J., Margolis H. S. The emergence of hepatitis B as a sexually transmitted disease. Med Clin North Am. 1990 Nov;74(6):1529–1541. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30493-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ayus J. C., Krothapalli R. K. Effect of bicarbonate administration on cardiac function. Am J Med. 1989 Jul;87(1):5–6. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(89)80475-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Beasley R. P. Hepatitis B virus. The major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1988 May 15;61(10):1942–1956. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19880515)61:10<1942::aid-cncr2820611003>3.0.co;2-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Beasley R. P., Hwang L. Y., Lee G. C., Lan C. C., Roan C. H., Huang F. Y., Chen C. L. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983 Nov 12;2(8359):1099–1102. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90624-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cochi S. L., Broome C. V., Hightower A. W. Immunization of US children with Hemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine. A cost-effectiveness model of strategy assessment. JAMA. 1985 Jan 25;253(4):521–529. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Feinman S. V., Berris B., Bojarski S. Posttransfusion hepatitis in Toronto, Canada. Gastroenterology. 1988 Aug;95(2):464–469. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90505-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Francis D. P., Hadler S. C., Thompson S. E., Maynard J. E., Ostrow D. G., Altman N., Braff E. H., O'Malley P., Hawkins D., Judson F. N. The prevention of hepatitis B with vaccine. Report of the centers for disease control multi-center efficacy trial among homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):362–366. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Franks A. L., Berg C. J., Kane M. A., Browne B. B., Sikes R. K., Elsea W. R., Burton A. H. Hepatitis B virus infection among children born in the United States to Southeast Asian refugees. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 9;321(19):1301–1305. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911093211905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kaklamani E., Trichopoulos D., Tzonou A., Zavitsanos X., Koumantaki Y., Hatzakis A., Hsieh C. C., Hatziyannis S. Hepatitis B and C viruses and their interaction in the origin of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA. 1991 Apr 17;265(15):1974–1976. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Marwick C. Hepatitis B vaccine appears headed for pediatric immunization schedule. JAMA. 1991 Mar 27;265(12):1502–1502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Maupas P., Chiron J. P., Barin F., Coursaget P., Goudeau A., Perrin J., Denis F., Mar I. D. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in prevention of early HBsAg carrier state in children. Controlled trial in an endemic area (Senegal). Lancet. 1981 Feb 7;1(8215):289–292. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91908-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. McMahon B. J., Alward W. L., Hall D. B., Heyward W. L., Bender T. R., Francis D. P., Maynard J. E. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis. 1985 Apr;151(4):599–603. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.4.599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Okun N. B., Larke R. P., Waters J. R., Joffres M. R. Success of a program of routine prenatal screening for hepatitis B surface antigen: the first 2 years. CMAJ. 1990 Dec 15;143(12):1317–1321. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Poovorawan Y., Sanpavat S., Pongpunlert W., Chumdermpadetsuk S., Sentrakul P., Chitinand S., Sakulramrung R., Tannirundorn Y. Comparison of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine alone or in combination with hepatitis B immune globulin for the prevention of perinatal acquisition of hepatitis B carriage. Vaccine. 1990 Mar;8 (Suppl):S56–S62. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90237-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shaw F. E., Jr, Graham D. J., Guess H. A., Milstien J. B., Johnson J. M., Schatz G. C., Hadler S. C., Kuritsky J. N., Hiner E. E., Bregman D. J. Postmarketing surveillance for neurologic adverse events reported after hepatitis B vaccination. Experience of the first three years. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Feb;127(2):337–352. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Stevens C. E., Taylor P. E., Tong M. J., Toy P. T., Vyas G. N., Nair P. V., Weissman J. Y., Krugman S. Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission. JAMA. 1987 May 15;257(19):2612–2616. doi: 10.1001/jama.257.19.2612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Stevens C. E., Toy P. T., Tong M. J., Taylor P. E., Vyas G. N., Nair P. V., Gudavalli M., Krugman S. Perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States. Prevention by passive-active immunization. JAMA. 1985 Mar 22;253(12):1740–1745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Szmuness W., Stevens C. E., Harley E. J., Zang E. A., Alter H. J., Taylor P. E., DeVera A., Chen G. T., Kellner A. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and subtype cross-protection. N Engl J Med. 1982 Dec 9;307(24):1481–1486. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198212093072403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Szmuness W., Stevens C. E., Harley E. J., Zang E. A., Oleszko W. R., William D. C., Sadovsky R., Morrison J. M., Kellner A. Hepatitis B vaccine: demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1980 Oct 9;303(15):833–841. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198010093031501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Szmuness W., Stevens C. E., Zang E. A., Harley E. J., Kellner A. A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): a final report. Hepatology. 1981 Sep-Oct;1(5):377–385. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840010502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Tsen Y. J., Chang M. H., Hsu H. Y., Lee C. Y., Sung J. L., Chen D. S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1989: five years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination program. J Med Virol. 1991 Jun;34(2):96–99. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890340205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Wainwright R. B., McMahon B. J., Bulkow L. R., Hall D. B., Fitzgerald M. A., Harpster A. P., Hadler S. C., Lanier A. P., Heyward W. L. Duration of immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in a Yupik Eskimo population. JAMA. 1989 Apr 28;261(16):2362–2366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Whittle H. C., Inskip H., Hall A. J., Mendy M., Downes R., Hoare S. Vaccination against hepatitis B and protection against chronic viral carriage in The Gambia. Lancet. 1991 Mar 30;337(8744):747–750. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91367-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Wong V. C., Ip H. M., Reesink H. W., Lelie P. N., Reerink-Brongers E. E., Yeung C. Y., Ma H. K. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 1984 Apr 28;1(8383):921–926. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92388-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Family Physician are provided here courtesy of College of Family Physicians of Canada

RESOURCES