Skip to main content
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 1998 Jun;64(6):717–725. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.64.6.717

The neurology of pregnancy

G Sawle, M Ramsay
PMCID: PMC2170130  PMID: 9647298

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (113.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barrett J. M., Van Hooydonk J. E., Boehm F. H. Pregnancy-related rupture of arterial aneurysms. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1982 Sep;37(9):557–566. doi: 10.1097/00006254-198209000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barton J. R., Sibai B. M. Cerebral pathology in eclampsia. Clin Perinatol. 1991 Dec;18(4):891–910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brent R. L. The effect of embryonic and fetal exposure to x-ray, microwaves, and ultrasound: counseling the pregnant and nonpregnant patient about these risks. Semin Oncol. 1989 Oct;16(5):347–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Byrne D. L., Chappatte O. A., Spencer G. T., Raju K. S. Pregnancy complicated by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, requiring intermittent ventilation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992 Jan;99(1):79–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14399.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chaturvedi S. K. Delusions of pregnancy in men. Case report and review of the literature. Br J Psychiatry. 1989 May;154:716–718. doi: 10.1192/bjp.154.5.716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Crombie D. L., Pinsent R. J., Fleming D. Imipramine in pregnancy. Br Med J. 1972 Mar 18;1(5802):745–745. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5802.745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Devriese P. P., Schumacher T., Scheide A., de Jongh R. H., Houtkooper J. M. Incidence, prognosis and recovery of Bell's palsy. A survey of about 1000 patients (1974-1983). Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1990 Feb;15(1):15–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1990.tb00427.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dias M. S., Sekhar L. N. Intracranial hemorrhage from aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy and the puerperium. Neurosurgery. 1990 Dec;27(6):855–866. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199012000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Digre K. B., Varner M. W., Osborn A. G., Crawford S. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in severe preeclampsia vs eclampsia. Arch Neurol. 1993 Apr;50(4):399–406. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540040055015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Donaldson J. O. Eclamptic hypertensive encephalopathy. Semin Neurol. 1988 Sep;8(3):230–233. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1041383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Douglas K. A., Redman C. W. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 1994 Nov 26;309(6966):1395–1400. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6966.1395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Duncan R., Hadley D., Bone I., Symonds E. M., Worthington B. S., Rubin P. C. Blindness in eclampsia: CT and MR imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Jul;52(7):899–902. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.52.7.899. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Falco N. A., Eriksson E. Idiopathic facial palsy in pregnancy and the puerperium. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989 Oct;169(4):337–340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gbolade B. A. Recurrent lower motor neurone facial paralysis in four successive pregnancies. J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Jul;108(7):587–588. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100127501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Golbe L. I. Pregnancy and movement disorders. Neurol Clin. 1994 Aug;12(3):497–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Grosset D. G., Ebrahim S., Bone I., Warlow C. Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium: what magnitude of risk? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;58(2):129–131. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.58.2.129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hainline B. Headache. Neurol Clin. 1994 Aug;12(3):443–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hertz-Picciotto I., Hopenhayn-Rich C., Golub M., Hooper K. The risks and benefits of taking aspirin during pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev. 1990;12:108–148. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Horn E. H., Filshie M., Kerslake R. W., Jaspan T., Worthington B. S., Rubin P. C. Widespread cerebral ischaemia treated with nimodipine in a patient with eclampsia. BMJ. 1990 Oct 6;301(6755):794–794. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6755.794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Horton J. C., Chambers W. A., Lyons S. L., Adams R. D., Kjellberg R. N. Pregnancy and the risk of hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1990 Dec;27(6):867–872. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199012000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hunt H. B., Schifrin B. S., Suzuki K. Ruptured berry aneurysms and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1974 Jun;43(6):827–837. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hurley T. J., Brunson A. D., Archer R. L., Lefler S. F., Quirk J. G., Jr Landry Guillain-Barré Strohl syndrome in pregnancy: report of three cases treated with plasmapheresis. Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Sep;78(3 Pt 2):482–485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ip M. S., So S. Y., Lam W. K., Tang L. C., Mok C. K. Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. Postgrad Med J. 1986 Jun;62(728):473–474. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.62.728.473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ito T., Sakai T., Inagawa S., Utsu M., Bun T. MR angiography of cerebral vasospasm in preeclampsia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 Jun-Jul;16(6):1344–1346. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kanayama N., Nakajima A., Maehara K., Halim A., Kajiwara Y., Isoda H., Masui T., Terao T. Magnetic resonance imaging angiography in a case of eclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1993;36(1):56–58. doi: 10.1159/000292595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Korn-Lubetzki I., Kahana E., Cooper G., Abramsky O. Activity of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and puerperium. Ann Neurol. 1984 Aug;16(2):229–231. doi: 10.1002/ana.410160211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kupersmith M. J., Rosenberg C., Kleinberg D. Visual loss in pregnant women with pituitary adenomas. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Oct 1;121(7):473–477. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-121-7-199410010-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lidegaard O. Oral contraceptives, pregnancy and the risk of cerebral thromboembolism: the influence of diabetes, hypertension, migraine and previous thrombotic disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 Feb;102(2):153–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09070.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lindhout D., Höppener R. J., Meinardi H. Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drug combinations with special emphasis on epoxidation (of carbamazepine). Epilepsia. 1984 Feb;25(1):77–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1984.tb04158.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lucas M. J., Leveno K. J., Cunningham F. G. A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 27;333(4):201–205. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199507273330401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Luijckx G. J., Vles J., de Baets M., Buchwald B., Troost J. Guillain-Barré syndrome in mother and newborn child. Lancet. 1997 Jan 4;349(9044):27–27. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)24001-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Matsuda Y., Tomosugi T., Maeda Y., Kamitomo M., Kanayama N., Terao T. Cerebral magnetic resonance angiographic findings in severe preeclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1995;40(4):249–252. doi: 10.1159/000292346. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. McCombe P. A., McManis P. G., Frith J. A., Pollard J. D., McLeod J. G. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy associated with pregnancy. Ann Neurol. 1987 Jan;21(1):102–104. doi: 10.1002/ana.410210120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. McGregor J. A., Guberman A., Amer J., Goodlin R. Idiopathic facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) in late pregnancy and the early puerperium. Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Mar;69(3 Pt 2):435–438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Milliez J., Dahoun A., Boudraa M. Computed tomography of the brain in eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Jun;75(6):975–980. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Minkoff H., Schaffer R. M., Delke I., Grunebaum A. N. Diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage in utero after a maternal seizure. Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Mar;65(3 Suppl):22S–24S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Nelson L. M., Franklin G. M., Jones M. C. Risk of multiple sclerosis exacerbation during pregnancy and breast-feeding. JAMA. 1988 Jun 17;259(23):3441–3443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. O'Brien M. D., Gilmour-White S. Epilepsy and pregnancy. BMJ. 1993 Aug 21;307(6902):492–495. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6902.492. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Prescott C. A. Idiopathic facial nerve palsy (the effect of treatment with steroids). J Laryngol Otol. 1988 May;102(5):403–407. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100105201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Quill T. E., Lipkin M., Lamb G. S. Health-care seeking by men in their spouse's pregnancy. Psychosom Med. 1984 May-Jun;46(3):277–283. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198405000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Redman C. W. Eclampsia still kills. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Apr 30;296(6631):1209–1210. doi: 10.1136/bmj.296.6631.1209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Reynolds J. D., Chestnut D. H., Dexter F., McGrath J., Penning D. H. Magnesium sulfate adversely affects fetal lamb survival and blocks fetal cerebral blood flow response during maternal hemorrhage. Anesth Analg. 1996 Sep;83(3):493–499. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199609000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Richards A. M., Moodley J., Graham D. I., Bullock M. R. Active management of the unconscious eclamptic patient. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986 Jun;93(6):554–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07953.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Richards A., Graham D., Bullock R. Clinicopathological study of neurological complications due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 Mar;51(3):416–421. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.51.3.416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Roelvink N. C., Kamphorst W., van Alphen H. A., Rao B. R. Pregnancy-related primary brain and spinal tumors. Arch Neurol. 1987 Feb;44(2):209–215. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1987.00520140069020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Rosa F. W. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1991 Mar 7;324(10):674–677. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199103073241006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Rosenbaum R. B., Donaldson J. O. Peripheral nerve and neuromuscular disorders. Neurol Clin. 1994 Aug;12(3):461–478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Roullet E., Verdier-Taillefer M. H., Amarenco P., Gharbi G., Alperovitch A., Marteau R. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study of 125 remittent patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993 Oct;56(10):1062–1065. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.56.10.1062. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Rudnik-Schöneborn S., Röhrig D., Nicholson G., Zerres K. Pregnancy and delivery in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1. Neurology. 1993 Oct;43(10):2011–2016. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.10.2011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rudolph A. M. Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn. Arch Intern Med. 1981 Feb 23;141(3 Spec No):358–363. doi: 10.1001/archinte.141.3.358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Runmarker B., Andersen O. Pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of onset and a better prognosis in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1995 Feb;118(Pt 1):253–261. doi: 10.1093/brain/118.1.253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Sadeh M. Action of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Stroke. 1989 Sep;20(9):1273–1275. doi: 10.1161/01.str.20.9.1273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Sanders T. G., Clayman D. A., Sanchez-Ramos L., Vines F. S., Russo L. Brain in eclampsia: MR imaging with clinical correlation. Radiology. 1991 Aug;180(2):475–478. doi: 10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Schumacher H. R., Jr, Dorwart B. B., Korzeniowski O. M. Occurrence of De Quervain's tendinitis during pregnancy. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Nov;145(11):2083–2084. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sekhar L. N., Heros R. C. Origin, growth, and rupture of saccular aneurysms: a review. Neurosurgery. 1981 Feb;8(2):248–260. doi: 10.1227/00006123-198102000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Shorvon S. Tonic clonic status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(2):125–134. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.56.2.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Sibai B. M., Graham J. M., McCubbin J. H. A comparison of intravenous and intramuscular magnesium sulfate regimens in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Nov 15;150(6):728–733. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90676-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Silberstein S. D. Headaches and women: treatment of the pregnant and lactating migraineur. Headache. 1993 Nov-Dec;33(10):533–540. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3310533.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Slater R. M., Wilcox F. L., Smith W. D., Donnai P., Patrick J., Richardson T., Mawer G. E., D'Souza S. W., Anderton J. M. Phenytoin infusion in severe pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 1987 Jun 20;1(8547):1417–1421. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90603-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Slater R. M., Wilcox F. L., Smith W. D., Maresh M. J. Phenytoin in pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 1989 Nov 18;2(8673):1224–1225. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91837-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Somerville B. W. A study of migraine in pregnancy. Neurology. 1972 Aug;22(8):824–828. doi: 10.1212/wnl.22.8.824. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Spinnato J. A., Clark A. L., Pierangeli S. S., Harris E. N. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Feb;172(2 Pt 1):690–694. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90595-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Teramo K., Hiilesmaa V., Bardy A., Saarikoski S. Fetal heart rate during a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure. J Perinat Med. 1979;7(1):3–6. doi: 10.1515/jpme.1979.7.1.3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Thompson D. S., Nelson L. M., Burns A., Burks J. S., Franklin G. M. The effects of pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study. Neurology. 1986 Aug;36(8):1097–1099. doi: 10.1212/wnl.36.8.1097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Tomson T., Lindbom U., Ekqvist B., Sundqvist A. Disposition of carbamazepine and phenytoin in pregnancy. Epilepsia. 1994 Jan-Feb;35(1):131–135. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02922.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Wand J. S. Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy and lactation. J Hand Surg Br. 1990 Feb;15(1):93–95. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681_90_90057-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Webster P. A. Withdrawal symptoms in neonates associated with maternal antidepressant therapy. Lancet. 1973 Aug 11;2(7824):318–319. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90815-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Weed J. C., Jr, Woodward K. T., Hammond C. B. Choriocarcinoma metastatic to the brain: therapy and prognosis. Semin Oncol. 1982 Jun;9(2):208–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Will A. D., Lewis K. L., Hinshaw D. B., Jr, Jordan K., Cousins L. M., Hasso A. N., Thompson J. R. Cerebral vasoconstriction in toxemia. Neurology. 1987 Sep;37(9):1555–1557. doi: 10.1212/wnl.37.9.1555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Williams E. J., Oatridge A., Holdcroft A., Goldman J. M., Bydder G. M. Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome. Lancet. 1996 Jun 1;347(9014):1556–1557. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90709-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Yerby M. S., Devinsky O. Epilepsy and pregnancy. Adv Neurol. 1994;64:45–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Yerby M. S. Problems and management of the pregnant woman with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1987;28 (Suppl 3):S29–S36. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb05775.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Zaret G. M. Possible treatment of pre-eclampsia with calcium channel blocking agents. Med Hypotheses. 1983 Dec;12(4):303–319. doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(83)90103-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. al Qattan M. M., Manktelow R. T., Bowen C. V. Pregnancy-induced carpal tunnel syndrome requiring surgical release longer than 2 years after delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Aug;84(2):249–251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. van Walderveen M. A., Tas M. W., Barkhof F., Polman C. H., Frequin S. T., Hommes O. R., Valk J. Magnetic resonance evaluation of disease activity during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1994 Feb;44(2):327–329. doi: 10.1212/wnl.44.2.327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES